Main Intelligence Directorate (Soviet Union)

GRU Generalnogo Shtaba
Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije
ГРУ СССР
Главное Разведывательное Управление
Agency overview
Formed November 5, 1918
as Registration Agency; GRU since 1942
Preceding agencies
  • Fifth Department of the Russian Imperial Chief of Staff
  • Expedition for Secret Affairs
Dissolved May 7, 1992
Superseding agency
Jurisdiction Red Army
Headquarters Moscow
Employees Classified
Annual budget Classified
Parent agency Ministry of Defense
Child agencies
  • Spetsnaz

Main Intelligence Directorate (Russian: Гла́вное разве́дывательное управле́ние, tr. Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye; IPA: [ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]), abbreviated GRU (Russian: ГРУ; IPA: [geeˈru]), is the foreign military intelligence main agency of the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union.

History

Its first predecessor in Russia was created on October 21, 1918 under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian leader of the Red Army;[1] it was originally known as the Registration Agency (Registrupravlenie, or RU). Simon Aralov was its first head. In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes:

As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff (at the time called the Red Army Field Staff – Polevoi Shtab). Administratively, it was the Third Department of the Field Staff's Operations Directorate. In July 1920, the RU was made the second of four main departments in the Operations Directorate. Until 1921, it was usually called the Registrupr (Registration Department). That year, following the Soviet–Polish War, it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter known as the Razvedupr. This probably resulted from its new primary peacetime responsibilities as the main source of foreign intelligence for the Soviet leadership. As part of a major re-organization of the Red Army, sometime in 1925 or 1926 the RU (then Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenye) became the Fourth (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter also known simply as the "Fourth Department." Throughout most of the interwar period, the men and women who worked for Red Army Intelligence called it either the Fourth Department, the Intelligence Service, the Razvedupr, or the RU. […] As a result of the re-organization [in 1926], carried out in part to break up Trotsky's hold on the army, the Fourth Department seems to have been placed directly under the control of the State Defense Council (Gosudarstvennaia komissiia oborony, or GKO), the successor of the RVSR. Thereafter its analysis and reports went directly to the GKO and the Politburo, apparently even bypassing the Red Army Staff.[2]

It was given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union. The GRU operated residencies all over the world, along with the SIGINT (signals intelligence) station in Lourdes, Cuba, and throughout the former Soviet-bloc countries, especially in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

The first head of the 4th Directorate was Janis Karlovich Berzin, a Latvian Communist and former member of the Cheka, who remained in the post until 28 November 1937, when he was arrested and subsequently liquidated during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.

The GRU was known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "internal intelligence organizations", such as NKVD and KGB. At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations.

Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919. That worsened a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage and was even more intense than the rivalry between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency in the US.

The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era, but documents concerning it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, Georges Agabekov, and described in detail in the 1939 autobiography (I Was Stalin's Agent) of Walter Krivitsky, the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect.[3] It became widely known in Russia, and the West outside the narrow confines of the intelligence community, during perestroika, in part thanks to the writings of "Viktor Suvorov" (Vladimir Rezun), a GRU officer who defected to Great Britain in 1978, and wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services. According to Suvorov, even the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to enter GRU headquarters, needed to go through a security screening.

Head of USSR's GRU

  • Semyon Aralov, November 1918 – July 1919
  • Sergei Gusev, July 1919 – January 1920
  • Georgi Pyatakov, January 1920 – February 1920
  • Vladimir Aussem, February 1920 – August 1920
  • Yan Lentsman, August 1920 – April 1921
  • Arvid Zeybot, April 1921 – March 1924
  • Yan Berzin, 1924 – April 1935
  • Semyon Uritsky, April 1935 – July 1937
  • Yan Berzin, July 1937 – August 1937
  • Alexander Nikonov, August 1937 – August 1937
  • Semyon Gendin, September 1937 – October 1938
  • Alexander Orlov, October 1938 – April 1939
  • Ivan Proskurov, April 1939 – July 1940
  • Filipp Golikov, July 1940 – October 1941
  • Alexei Panfilov, October 1941 – November 1942
  • Ivan Ilyichev, November 1942 – June 1945
  • Fyodor Fedotovich Kuznetsov, June 1945 – November 1947
  • Nikolai Trusov, September 1947 – January 1949
  • Matvei Zakharov, January 1949 – June 1952
  • Mikhail Shalin, June 1952 – August 1956
  • Sergei Shtemenko, August 1956 – October 1957
  • Mikhail Shalin, October 1957 – December 1958
  • Ivan Serov, December 1958 – February 1963
  • Pyotr Ivashutin, March 1963 – July 1987
  • Vladlen Mikhailov, July 1987 – October 1991

Miscellaneous

Defectors

Agents

"illegals"

Naval agents

References

  1. ↑ Earl F. Ziemke, Russian Review 60(2001): 130.
  2. ↑ Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p. 7.
  3. ↑ Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p.xiv.
  4. ↑ Chambers, Whittaker (1952), Witness, New York: Random House, p. 799, ISBN 9780895269157
  5. ↑ Hunt, Graeme. "Spies and Revolutionaries - A History of New Zealand subversion" (Auckland: Reed, 2009), p.171

Further reading

  • Павел Густерин. Советская разведка на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке в 1920—30-х годах. — Саарбрюккен, 2014. — ISBN 978-3-659-51691-7.
  • David M. Glantz. Soviet military intelligence in war. Cass series on Soviet military theory and practice ; 3. London: Cass, 1990. ISBN 0-7146-3374-7, ISBN 0-7146-4076-X
  • Raymond W. Leonard. Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918-1933. Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30990-6
  • Stanislav Lunev. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4
  • Viktor Suvorov Aquarium (Аквариум), 1985, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11545-0
  • Viktor Suvorov Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
  • Viktor Suvorov Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
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