Mallein test

The mallein test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders, a common bacterial disease of equids (horses, donkeys, mules).[1] This test is an allergic hypersensitivity test used as a diagnosis for glanders.[2] It is caused by a bacterium called Burkholderia mallei, which is contagious for humans and other species.[3] The occurrence of glanders must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health.[4] Mallein, a protein fraction of B. mallei, is usually injected by an eye-drop. If an animal is infected, the animal will show swelling in the eye from around 48 hours of injection and may be accompanied by secretion and conjunctivitis.[5] Mallein is non toxic to normal animals.[6]

History

Mallein was discovered in 1890.[7] Before 1934, glanders was widespread.[8] In the early 1900s, glanders was common in Europe, the United States of America, and Canada, and has been successfully eliminated by mass testing and the slaughter and destruction of campaigns.[9] Glanders is still present in Asia, the Middle East and South America[10]

Limitations and benefits

Limitations

Although Mallein is the most commonly used form of testing for glanders, cross reactions were reported between Burkholderia mallei and Streptococcus equi,[11] which is a bacteria-caused contagious upper respiratory tract infection of equines.[12] This resulted in false-positive reactions.[13]

Benefits

The specificity of Mallein tests and the efficiency and potency of it are connected to the "molecular weight of protein fractions, antigenic range, and virulence".[14]

Test procedures and methods

See also

Burkholderia mallei
Glanders

References

  1. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  2. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  3. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  4. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  5. ↑ Fihlo, M.B.; et al. (2012). "Development and validation of a method for purification of mallein for the diagnosis of glanders in equines". BMC Veterinary Research. 8: 8. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  6. ↑ Hagebock, J.M., Schlater, L.K., Frerichs, W.M., & Olsen, D.D. (1993). "Serologic Responses to the Mallein Test for Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 5 (1): 98. doi:10.1177/104063879300500121.
  7. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 391. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  8. ↑ Hagebock, J.M., Schlater, L.K., Frerichs, W.M., & Olsen, D.D. (1993). "Serologic Responses to the Mallein Test for Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 5 (1): 98. doi:10.1177/104063879300500121.
  9. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  10. ↑ Fihlo, M.B.; et al. (2012). "Development and validation of a method for purification of mallein for the diagnosis of glanders in equines". BMC Veterinary Research. 8: 1. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  11. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  12. ↑ Streptococcus equi
  13. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  14. ↑ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404.
  15. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  16. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  17. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  18. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  19. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392–393. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  20. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 393. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  21. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 393–394. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
  22. ↑ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 394. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3.
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