Maund
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The maund /ˈmɔːnd/ is the anglicized name for a traditional unit of mass used in British India, and also in Afghanistan, Persia and Arabia:[1] the same unit in the Moghul Empire was sometimes written as mun in English, while the equivalent unit in the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia was called the batman. At different times, and in different South Asian localities, the mass of the maund has varied, from as low as 25 pounds (11 kg) to as high as 160 pounds (72½ kg): even greater variation is seen in Persia and Arabia.[2][3]
In British India, the maund was first standardized in the Bengal Presidency in 1833, where it was set equal to 100 Troy pounds (82.28 lbs. av.). This standard spread throughout the British Raj.[4] After the independence of India and Pakistan, the definition formed the basis for metrication, one maund becoming exactly 37.3242 kilograms.[5][6] A similar metric definition is used in Nepal.
The Old English, 'maund' may also be the origin of Maundy Thursday. As a verb, 'maund' to beg; as a noun, 'a maund'a small basket held out for alms.
Origins
Anglicized as "maund", the man as a unit of weight is thought to be of at least Chaldean origin,[7] with Sir Henry Yule attributing Akkadian origins to the word.[1] The Hebrew maneh (מנה) and the Ancient Greek mina (μνᾶ) are thought to be cognate.[1][8] It was originally equal to one-ninth of the weight of an artaba of water,[9] or approximately four to seven kilograms in modern units.
The modification of the vowel in the anglicized name is thought to be an indication that the word came into English via Portuguese. The Portuguese version was mão (pronounced: [ˈmɐ̃w̃], as in the word for "hand"), a regular [aːn] → [ɐ̃w̃] development in Portuguese.[1]
South Asia
| British Indian units of mass | ||
|---|---|---|
Mughal Empire
Prinsep (1840) summarizes the evidence as to the weight of the mun (later "maund") during the reign (1556–1605) of Akbar the Great,[10] which comes from the Ain-i-Akbari written by the vizier Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (anglicized as "Abul Fuzl"). The principal definition is that the mun is forty seers; and that each seer is thirty dams.
- 1 mun = 40 seers = 1200 dams
The problem arises in assigning the values of the smaller units.
The section of the Ain-i-Akbari that defines the mun also defines the dam as five tanks. A separate section defines the tank as twenty-four ruttees. However, by the 19th century, the tank was no longer a uniform unit across the former Mughal territories: Prinsep quotes values of 50 grains (3.24 g) in Darwar, 72 grains (4.67 g) in Bombay and 268 grains (17.37 g) in Ahmednugur.[10]
The jilály, a square silver rupee coin issued by Akbar, was said by the Ain-i-Akbari to be 11¼ mashas in weight: surviving jilály and other Mughal rupee coins weigh 170–175 Troy grains (11.02–11.34 g), so the masha, defined as eight ruttees, would be about 15½ grains (1 g). Masha weights sent back to London in 1819 agree with this value.[11] This basis gives a mun of 34¾ lb. av. (15¾ kg). One Koni was 4 muns.[12]
However, in yet another section of the Ain-i-Akbari, the dam is said to be "twenty mashas seven ruttees": using this definition would imply an Imperial mass of about 47 lb. av. (21⅓ kg) for the mun. Between these two values, the maund in Central India was often found to be around 40 lb. av. (18 kg) in the East India Company survey of 1821.
A Maund was 55.5 British pounds under Akbar.[13]
Nineteenth century
The maund of India may as a genus be divided into four different species:
- That of Bengal, containing 40 seers, and averaging about 80 lbs. avoir.
- That of Central India (Malwa, Ajmeer, &c.) generally equal to 40 lbs. avoir. and containing 20 seers (so that the seer of this large portion of the continent assimilates to that of Bengal.)
- The maund of Guzerat and Bombay, equal to ¼ cwt. or 28 pounds and divided into 40 seers of smaller grade.
- The maund of Southern India, fixed by the Madras government at 25 lbs. avoir.
There are, however many other varieties of maund, from 15 to 64 seers in weight; which it is unnecessary to particularize.
— Prinsep (1840), p. 77
Prinsep's values for the maund come from a survey organized by the East India Company in 1821. The Company's agents were asked to send back examples of the standard weights and measures used in the places they were stationed, and these were compared with the English standards in London by Patrick Kelly, the leading British metrologist of the time. The results were published as an appendix to the second edition of Kelly's Universal Cambist (1831), and later as a separate book entitled Oriental Metrology (1832).
It will be seen from Kelly's results below that Prinsep's generalizations are only partially correct. The Gujarat maund is more closely related to the Central Indian maund than to the standardized Bombay maund, except in the town of Anjar, except that it is divided into 40 seers instead of 20 as was found in Malwa.
Central India and Gujarat
| Place[note 1] | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric kg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. | oz. | dr. | |||
| Ahmadābād, in Gujarat | 40 seers | 42 | 4 | 13 | 19.817 |
| Amod, in Broach | 40 seers | 40 | 8 | 12 | |
| Anjar, in Cutch | 40 seers | 27 | 3 | 8 | |
| Bairseah, in Malwa | 40 seers | 77 | 1 | 12 | |
| Bārdoli, in Surat | 39¾ seers, 2 pice | 37 | 4 | 4¾ | |
| Broach, in Gujarat | 40 seers | 40 | 8 | 12 | |
| Baroda, in Gujarat | 42 seers | 44 | 9 | 10 | |
| Cambay, in Gujarat | 40 seers | 37 | 8 | 0 | |
| Chanadore, Central Provinces | 64 seers | 149 | 12 | 0 | |
| Dewas, in Malwa | 64 seers | 137 | 8 | 2 | |
| Doongurpoor, in Rajputana | 40 seers | 50 | 1 | 14 | |
| Hānsot, in Broach | 40 seers, "market" | 38 | 9 | 9 | |
| 42 seers, for oil | 40 | 8 | 6 | ||
| 40 pergunna seers | 39 | 3 | 10 | ||
| Indore, in Malwa | 20 seers, for grain | 40 | 8 | 6 | |
| 40 seers, for opium | 81 | 0 | 12 | ||
| Jambusar, in Broach | 40 seers, "market" | 40 | 6 | 4 | |
| 42 seers, for cotton | 42 | 6 | 9 | ||
| Kota, in Rajputana | 40 seers | 30 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kumbharia, in Surat | 40 seers 8 pice | 37 | 13 | 10 | |
| Kurod, in Surat | 40 seers 15 pice | 37 | 15 | 8½ | |
| Malwa | 20 seers | 40 | 7 | 8 | |
| Mundissor, in Malwa | 15 seers | 34 | 4 | 4½ | |
| Okalesur, in Broach | 40 seers | 38 | 8 | 13 | |
| 40 seers, "pergunna" | 40 | 6 | 13 | ||
| Omutwara, in Malwa | 28 seers | 54 | 10 | 8 | |
| Oujein, in Malwa | 16⅞ seers | 33 | 5 | 13 | |
| Pertabgurh, in Ajmer | 20 seers | 38 | 8 | 14 | |
| Rutlam, in Malwa | 20 seers | 40 | 7 | 8 | |
| Surat, in Gujarat | 40 seers | 37 | 8 | 0 | |
| Source: Kelly's Oriental Metrology (1832)[2] | |||||
Bombay Presidency
| Place[note 1] | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric kg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. | oz. | dr. | |||
| Ahmadnagar | 40 seers | 78 | 15 | 12 | |
| Aurangabad | 40 seers | 74 | 10 | 10 | |
| Belgaum | 44 seers | 26 | 3 | 15 | |
| Bombay | 40 seers | 28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Carwar, in Kanara | 42 seers | 26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Dindoor | 64 seers | 157 | 10 | 10 | |
| Dukhun Poona | 12½ seers, for ghee, etc. | 24 | 10 | 4⅓ | |
| 14 seers, for metals | 27 | 9 | 9⅔ | ||
| 48 seers, for grain | 94 | 9 | 8 | ||
| Goa (Portuguese) | — | 24 | 12 | 0 | |
| Jamkhair, in Ahmednagar | 64 seers | 147 | 10 | 0 | |
| Jaulnah, in Hyderabad | 40 seers | 80 | 2 | 8 | |
| Onore, in Kanara | 40–44 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Poona | 12½ seers, for ghee, etc. | 24 | 10 | 4⅓ | |
| 14 seers, for metals | 27 | 9 | 9⅔ | ||
| 48 seers, for grain | 94 | 9 | 8 | ||
| Roombharee, in Ahmednagar | 64 seers | 160 | 13 | 8 | |
| Source: Kelly's Oriental Metrology (1832)[2] | |||||
Madras Presidency
| Place[note 1] | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric kg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. | oz. | dr. | |||
| Anjengo, in Travancore | — | 28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bangalore, in Mysore | 40 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bellary, in Madras | 48 seers | 25 | 6 | 0 | |
| Calicut, in Malabar | 68 seers | 34 | 11 | 11 | |
| Cochin, in Malabar | 42½ seers | 27 | 2 | 11 | |
| Coimbatoor, in Mysore | 40 seers | 24 | 1 | 0 | |
| Colachy, in Travancore | 125 pollums | 18 | 12 | 13 | |
| Hyderabad, in Madras | 12 seers, "kucha" | 23 | 13 | 0 | |
| 40 seers, "pucka" | 79 | 6 | 0 | ||
| Madras | 40 seers, or 8 vis | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Madura, in Carnatic | 39.244 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Mangalore | 46 seers, "market" | 28 | 2 | 4 | |
| 46 seers, "Company's" | 28 | 8 | 13 | ||
| 40 seers, for sugar | 24 | 7 | 8 | ||
| Masulipatam, in Madras | "kucha" | 35 | 10 | 0 | |
| "pucka" | 80 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Negapatam, in Carnatic | 41.558 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pondicherry | 8 vis | 25 | 14 | 5½ | |
| Quilon, in Travancore | 25 old Dutch pounds | 27 | 5 | 8 | |
| Sankeridroog, in Carnatic | 41.256 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Seringapatam | 40 seers, "kucha" | 24 | 4 | 8 | |
| Tellicherry, in Malabar | 64 seers | 32 | 11 | 0 | |
| Tranquebar, in Coromandel | 68 Danish pounds | 74 | 12 | 9.6 | |
| Travancore, in Madras | — | 25 | 0 | 6½ | |
| Trichinopoly, in Carnatic | 13.114 seers | 25 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vizagapatam, in Madras | "kucha" | 35 | 10 | 0 | |
| "pucka" | 80 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Source: Kelly's Oriental Metrology (1832)[2] | |||||
Bengal
| Place[note 1] | Sub- division |
Imperial | Metric kg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lb. | oz. | dr. | |||
| Calcutta | 40 seers | 82 | 4 | 9 1⁄7 | |
| Luckipoor, in Bengal | as Calcutta | 82 | 4 | 9 1⁄7 | |
| Source: Kelly's Oriental Metrology (1832)[2] | |||||
Notes and references
Notes
References
- 1 2 3 4 "maund", A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 6B, 1908, p. 250.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Prinsep, James (1840), Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India (2nd ed.), Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, pp. 84–90.
- ↑ Doursther, Horace (1840), Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes, Brussels: Hayez, pp. 259–63.
- ↑ "Introductory notes", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1, 1909, p. xi.
- ↑ maund, Sizes.com, retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ↑ Schedule 1 to the Standard Weights and Measures Act (No. 89 of 1956).
- ↑ Hayyim, Sulayman (1934–1936), New Persian-English dictionary, complete and modern, designed to give the English meanings of over 50,000 words, terms, idioms, and proverbs in the Persian language, as well as the transliteration of the words in English characters. Together with a sufficient treatment of all the grammatical features of the Persian Language, 2, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, p. 988.
- ↑ Prinsep, James (1840), Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India (2nd ed.), Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, p. 80.
- ↑ Doursther, Horace (1840), Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes, Brussels: Hayez, pp. 51–52.
- 1 2 Prinsep, James (1840), Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India (2nd ed.), Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, p. 81.
- ↑ Prinsep, James (1840), Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India (2nd ed.), Calcutta: Bishop's College Press, pp. 17–18.
- ↑ Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- ↑ Narang, Kirpal Singh; Gupta, Hari Ram (1969). History of the Pubnab, 1500-1858 (2nd. ed.). Delhi: U.C. Kapur. p. 181.
External links
- Sizes.com
- The maund in India (historical values)