Mental illness in fly-in fly-out workers

Fly-in fly-out (FIFO) work practices in Australia occur amongst various professions primarily associated within the resources industry as well as medical and related health services. Following the recession of the 1980s, Australia has experienced a resources boom that has seen thousands of families impacted by FIFO work.[1] The FIFO lifestyle often sees workers on a scheduled roster flying to remote locations with hundreds of other men and women in fundamental. Workers are to stay in plenarily serviced accommodation, working long hour days.[1]

While working in the mining and resource sector is financially rewarding, the type of lifestyle it leads is far different than the life workers have at home. As a result of this type of work, there is an impact on individuals, couples and family units that can account for the emotional health and wellbeing seen in workers.[1]

The multibillion-dollar Galilee basin coal mine, rail and port development in Queensland.

Background of mining in Australia

Australia is one of the leading mining nations in the world. A country that is abundant in natural resources such as mineral sands, brown coal, nickel, zinc, lead, and uranium.[2] World economic growth has intensified in recent years, predominately in China and India, this has incremented demand for mineral products ecumenical.Together with reinforced methods of derivation, processing and transportation, have influenced this increase significantly.

As a result, Australia’s total annual mining production has more than doubled in the 20 years up to 2008.[2] There are approximately 365 operating mines in Australia, and as for the employment of up to 269,000 people, the mining and resource industry contributes 121.5 billion dollars to the economy. Thus plays a significant role to Australia’s wealth.[3]

Effects of mental health in workers

Mental health has been described by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as “a state of wellbeing in which every individual realises his or her potential, can cope with normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community”[4] (2014). It is acknowledged that people working in rural and remote mining and resource operations confront psychological and emotional demands that will create unique challenges for both men and women.

The World Health Organization (WHO) logo. The organisation was officially established in 1948 by the United Nations

The key mental health issues across the resource mining sector includes feelings such as isolation and loneliness, due to the remoteness of living on-site and from family and friends.[5] Stress, anxiety and depression are major factors which are likely to influence employment performance and antisocial conduct. This is predicted to get worse for some people during the transition period from home to work, and can potentially increase the risk of self-harm and suicide.[5]

Types of stress experience in FIFO workers

Along with the stresses of being away from home, other stresses FIFO workers experience include:[6]

Factors influencing FIFO mental health and suicide

Challenges of the FIFO work system

Rosters and Fatigue

The FIFO lifestyle is based upon a roster, typically a fortnight on and one week off. However, more remote mining sites require month on and month off rosters, attributable to the incremented time and costs of flying to and from remote areas. As expected, FIFO workers are implemented work long shifts, usually ranging from 12- up to 18-hour shifts.

As reported by Meredith, Rush & Robinson (2014) it is notable that the longer work length than to time on leave has more deleterious effects on the workers' wellbeing and can lead to a vulnerable mental state.[7] Physical health allows for a positive mental health as well as the capability to handle the demands of FIFO work. The length of 12 hour or more shifts with short breaks, make is arduous for workers to relax and involve themselves in effective coping strategies such as getting enough sleep, exercising and socialising, in dealing with daily stresses. In conclusion occupational fatigue may occur as frequent recovery is confined.[5]

Work Place Culture

On-site mining workplace culture is considered a problem in reinforcing positive mental health and seeking support behavior.[7] Unfortunately many workers do not seek formal help due to the general outlook held by the wider population of fear and stigma in seeking support for mental health issues.

Male dominancy significantly contributes to the mining workplace culture, where females may experience tensions fitting within the FIFO civilisation. The masculine culture consequently effects the relationships with other workers, negative feelings suppression or bullying behavior that is a negative subside of poor mental health.[5] Commendations include creating a fair and just workplace environment for both men and women, for instance The Australian Mines and Metal Sodality are taking action to improve the amount of women to 20% by 2020.[5]

Workers who do not seek emotional support may experience adverse impacts and result in poor work output and increased isolation. An organisational culture is vital, in order to proposer relevant approaches for workers in acknowledging when to seek help.

Personal Relationships

Over the past 20 years FIFO had become a prevalent mining industry practice, however on the subject matter there is a scarcity of Australian research. According to Arnold (1995) studies resulted in FIFO being problematic for some families, in an analysis of the impacts on the lifestyle and families of workers.[8] The Australian FIFO personnel indicate the benefits of leisure, access to services and facilities swell as friends and extended family from relatively high earnings from working in the industry. However, observation conducted by Gillies et al. (1997) involved surveying fifteen Australian FIFO operations and out of a study sample of 227 employees, a total of 30% employees stated their families were not in favour of the FIFO lifestyle.[8] Additionally results included 25% of employees believed their family relationships had been earnestly disadvantaged by the FIFO employment. [8]

The structure of rostered schedules and continuous cycles such as four weeks away and one week home, the long separations and short homecomings provoke an increased amount of conflict between work and home. In accordance to Torkington, Larkins & Sen Gupta (2011) “ Miners reported that when they were away their partner described: being upset or lonely; the stresses of dealing with busy roles, such as parenting, alone; the challenge of changing routines; and having to managing practical tasks (e.g. mechanical repairs), which fell outside their normal role.” (2011). As a result, the family structure is altered, especially for those with younger children.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Fly-in fly-out workforce practices in Australia: The effects on children and family relationships - History and definitions | Child Family Community Australia". aifs.gov.au. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  2. 1 2 "Australia's Identified Mineral Resources - Geoscience Australia". www.ga.gov.au. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  3. ↑ "Mining' year book Australia, 2012". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  4. ↑ "WHO | Mental health: a state of well-being". www.who.int. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Vojnović, Philippa (2014). Submission to the Health and Education Standing Committee of the Legislative Assembly Inquiry into mental illness in Fly-In FlyOut workers. Perth, Australia.: FIFO Australian Community of Excellence. pp. 5–8. line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
  6. ↑ FIFO/DIDO Mental Health Research Report 2013 (PDF). Western Australia: Lifeline WA. 2013. p. 77.
  7. 1 2 Inquiry into mental health impacts of fly-in, fly-out worker arrangements. West Perth,Australia: Australian Association of Social Workers. 2014. pp. 4–5.
  8. 1 2 3 Kaczmarek, Elizabeth A.; Sibbel, Anne M. (2008-08-01). "The psychosocial well-being of children from Australian military and fly-in/fly-out (FIFO) mining families". Community, Work & Family. 11 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1080/13668800801890129. ISSN 1366-8803.
  9. ↑ Torkington, Amanda May; Larkins, Sarah; Gupta, Tarun Sen (2011-06-01). "The psychosocial impacts of fly-in fly-out and drive-in drive-out mining on mining employees: A qualitative study". Australian Journal of Rural Health. 19 (3): 135–141. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01205.x. ISSN 1440-1584.
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