A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. Owing to the relatively high velocities involved and the likelihood of subsequent impact with the ground or sea, very severe damage or the total destruction of at least one of the aircraft involved usually results.
The potential for a mid-air collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans, and the lack of collision-avoidance systems. Although a rare occurrence in general due to the vastness of open space available, collisions often happen near or at airports, where large volumes of aircraft are spaced more closely than in general flight.
First recorded mid air collision
Contemporary artist's impression of the first mid-air collision, 1910
The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the "Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale" meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying an Antoinette IV monoplane, collided with British Army Captain Bertram Dickson by ramming his Farman III biplane in the rear.[1] Both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again.[2][3][4]
The first fatal collision occurred in Douai, France, on 19 June 1912. Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another, killing both pilots.
Efforts to prevent military/civilian collisions in the United States
There are many types and causes of mid-air collisions. On some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were both unaware of the other's aircraft.
The 1958 collision between United Airlines Flight 736 and a fighter jet, as well as another U.S. military/civilian crash one month later involving Capital Airlines Flight 300, hastened the signing of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 into law. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency (later renamed the Federal Aviation Administration), and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights.
In 2005, as part of an effort to reduce such military/civilian mid-air collisions in U.S. airspace, the Air National Guard Flight Safety Division, led by Lt Col Edward Vaughan, used the Disruptive Solutions Process to create the See and Avoid web portal. In late 2006, the U.S. Defense Safety Oversight Council (DSOC) recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military midair collision prevention website, with participation by all the services.
List of notable civilian and military-civilian mid-air collisions
Date | Fatalities[N 1] | Survivors[N 2] |
Flights involved |
Phase of flight |
Site |
1922 | Apr 7 | 7 | 0 |
CGEA Farman F.60 / Daimler Hire Ltd. de Havilland DH.18A |
492 ft. |
Picardy, France |
1929 | Apr 21 | 6 | 0 |
Maddux Airlines (Ford 5-AT-B Tri-Motor) / U.S.Army Air Force (B-PW-9D) |
2.000 ft. |
San Diego California, U.S. |
1935 | May 18 | 45 | 0 |
Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky / VVS Polikarpov I-5 |
Cruise |
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
1938 | Aug 24 | 58 | |
Japanese Flying School (Hanriot HD-1) and Japan Airlines Transportation (Fokker Super Universal) |
? |
Ōmori, Tokyo, Japan |
1942 | Oct 23 | 12 | 2 |
American Airlines Flight 28 / US Army B-34 flight |
Ascent/descent (9000 ft.) |
Chino Canyon, California, U.S. |
1945 | Jul 12 | 3 | 20 |
Eastern Airlines Flight 45 / U.S. Army Air Force A-26 Invader |
Descent |
Florence, South Carolina, U.S. |
1948 | April 5 | 15 | 0 |
British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking / Soviet Air Force flight |
Approach |
RAF Gatow, Berlin, Germany. |
1948 | Jul 4 | 39 | 0 |
Scandinavian Airlines System DC-6 / RAF Avro York |
Descent |
Northwood, London, UK |
1949 | Feb 19 | 14 | 0 |
BEA Douglas Dakota / RAF Avro Anson |
Cruise |
Exhall, U.K. |
1949 | Nov 1 | 55 | 1 |
Eastern Air Lines 537 / Lockheed P-38 test flight |
Approach |
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
1951 | Apr 25 | 43 | 0 |
Cubana de Aviación 493 / US Navy flight |
Cruise/climb |
Key West, Florida, U.S. |
1952 | Jun 28 | 2 | 60 |
American Airlines Flight 910 / private Temco Swift |
Approach |
Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
1954 | Apr 8 | 37 | 0 |
Trans-Canada Airlines Flight 9 / RCAF Harvard |
? |
Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan Canada |
1955 | Jan 12 | 15 | 0 |
TWA flight / Private flight |
Climb |
Boone County, Kentucky, U.S. |
1956 | Jun 30 | 128 | 0 |
UA Flight 718 / TWA Flight 2 |
Cruise |
Grand Canyon, Arizona, U.S. |
1958 | Apr 21 | 49 | 0 |
United Airlines Flight 736 / USAF F-100 Super Sabre |
Cruise |
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
1958 | May 20 | 13 | 1 |
Capital Airlines Flight 300 / Air National Guard flight |
Descent |
Brunswick, Maryland, U.S. |
1958 | May 20 | 31 | 1 |
British European Airways Flight 142 / Italian Air Force F-86 Sabre flight |
Descent |
Near Anzio, Italy |
1960 | Feb 25 | 61 | 3 |
Real Transportes Aéreos DC-3 / U.S. Navy R6D flight |
Descent |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
1960 | Dec 16 | 134 | 0 |
UA Flight 826 / TWA Flight 266 |
Descent |
New York City, New York, U.S. |
1963 | Feb 1 | 104 | 0 |
MEA Flight 265 / Turkish Air Force flight |
Descent |
Ankara, Turkey |
1965 | Dec 4 | 4 | 108 |
TWA Flight 42 / Eastern Airlines Flight 853 |
Descent |
Carmel, New York, U.S. |
1967 | Mar 9 | 26 | 0 |
TWA Flight 553 / Private flight |
Descent |
Urbana, Ohio, U.S. |
1967 | Jul 19 | 82 | 0 |
Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 / Lanseair Inc. flight |
Climb/descent |
Hendersonville, North Carolina, U.S. |
1969 | Sep 9 | 82 | 0 |
Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 / Private flight |
Descent |
Fairland, Indiana, U.S. |
1971 | Jun 6 | 50 | 1 |
Hughes Airwest Flight 706 / US Marines flight |
Climb |
San Gabriel Mountains, California, U.S. |
1971 | Jul 30 | 162 | 1 |
ANA Flight 58 / JASDF flight |
Cruise |
near Shizukuishi, Japan |
1973 | Mar 5 | 68 | 108 |
Iberia Douglas DC-9 / Spantax Convair 990[5] |
Cruise |
near Nantes, France |
1974 | Aug 9 | 3 | 0 |
RAF Phantom FGR2 / Piper Pawnee crop duster |
Low level |
Fordham Fen, Norfolk, England, UK |
1975 | Jan 9 | 14 | 0 |
Golden West Airlines Flight 261 / Private flight |
Climb |
near Whittier, California, U.S. |
1976 | Sep 9 | 64 | 0 |
Aeroflot Flight 31 / Aeroflot Flight 7957 |
Cruise |
near Anapa, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
1976 | Sep 10 | 176 | 0 |
BA Flight 476 / Inex-Adria Flight 550 |
Cruise |
near Zagreb, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia |
1978 | Sep 25 | 144 | 0 |
PSA Flight 182 / Private flight |
Descent |
San Diego, California, U.S. |
1979 | Aug 11 | 178 | 0 |
Aeroflot 65816 / Aeroflot 65735 |
Cruise |
Dniprodzerzhynsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
1981 | Aug 24 | 37 | 1 |
Aeroflot Flight 811 / Soviet Air Force Tupolev Tu-16K |
Cruise |
Zavitinsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
1985 | May 3 | 94 | 0 |
Aeroflot Flight SSSR-65856 / Soviet Air Force Antonov An-26 |
Descent |
Zolochev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
1986 | Jun 18 | 25 | 0 |
Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6 / Private helicopter flight |
Low level |
Grand Canyon, U.S |
1986 | Aug 31 | 82 | 0 |
Aeroméxico Flight 498 / Private flight |
Descent/climb |
Cerritos, California, U.S. |
1987 | Jan 15 | 10 | 0 |
SkyWest Airlines Flight 1834 / Private flight |
Approach |
Kearns, Utah, U.S. |
1990 | Apr 9 | 2 | 7 |
ASA Flight 2254 / Private flight |
Climb/descent |
Gadsden, Alabama, U.S. |
1992 | Dec 22 | 157 | 2 |
Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 / Libyan Air Force MiG-23 Flight |
Approach |
Tripoli, Libya |
1993 | Feb 8 | 133 | 0 |
Iran Air Tours Tupolev Tu-154M / Iranian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 |
Climb/approach |
Tehran, Iran |
1993 | Nov 26 | 4 | 0 |
NZ Police Eagle / NZ Police traffic patrol |
Low level |
Auckland, New Zealand |
1996 | Nov 12 | 349 | 0 |
Saudia Flight 763 / Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 |
Climb/descent |
Charkhi Dadri, India |
1997 | Jun 25 | 0 | 3 |
Mir / Progress M-34 |
Orbit |
Outer space |
1998 | Jul 30 | 15 | 0 |
Proteus Airlines Flight 706 / Private flight |
Low level |
Quiberon Bay, France |
2000 | Feb 8 | 3 | 0 |
Zlin 242L / Cessna 172 |
Descent |
Zion, Illinois, U.S. |
2002 | Jul 1 | 71 | 0 |
Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 / DHL Flight 611 |
Cruise |
Überlingen, Germany |
2006 | Sep 29 | 154 | 7[6] |
Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 / ExcelAire flight |
Cruise |
Amazon rainforest, Brazil |
2007 | Mar 5 | 8 | 0 |
Aérospatiale SA 332 Super Puma / private Diamond DV20 Katana |
Low level |
Zell am See Airport, Austria |
2007 | Jul 27 | 4 | 0 |
KNXV-TV news helicopter / KTVK news helicopter |
Low level |
Phoenix, Arizona |
2007 | Sep 1 | 2 | 0 |
Two Zlin Z-526Fs of the AZL Żelazny |
Aerobatic display |
Near Radom, Poland |
2009 | Feb 10 | 0 | 0 |
Kosmos-2251 / Iridium 33 |
Orbit |
Outer space |
2009 | Aug 8 | 9 | 0 |
Piper PA-32 / Eurocopter AS350 tour helicopter |
Low level |
Hudson River, New York, U.S. |
2012 | Sep 20 | 3 | 200 |
Syrian Arab Airlines Flight RB-501 / Syrian Air Force Mil Mi-8 helicopter |
Climb |
Damascus, Syria |
2015 | Mar 9 | 10 | 0 |
Villa Castelli helicopter collision / Eurocopter AS350 |
Climb |
La Rioja Province, Argentina |
2015 | Sep 5 | 7 | ? |
Ceiba Intercontinental Airlines Flight 71 / Senegalair plane |
Cruise |
Eastern Senegal |
List of notable military mid-air collisions
XB-70 62-0207 following the mid-air collision on 8 June 1966.
Date | Fatalities[N 1] | Survivors[N 2] |
Aircraft involved |
Site |
1940 | Sep 29 | 0 | 4 |
Two Avro Ansons of the RAAF |
Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia |
1943 | April 14 | 8 | 0 |
Two Bristol Beauforts of the RAAF |
Australia |
1943 | Dec 7 | 22[N 3] | 2 |
Two U.S. Navy Douglas SBD Dauntlesses[7] |
near Pauwela, Maui, Hawaii, U.S. |
1952 | Apr 4 | 15 | 0 |
USAF C-47 Skytrain / USAF C-124 Globemaster II |
Mobile, Alabama, U.S. |
1953 | May 15 | 3 | 4 |
Two USAF C-119 Flying Boxcars / USAF F-84 Thunderjet |
near Weinheim, Germany |
1953 | Jan 15 | 26 | 0 |
RAF Vickers Valetta / RAF Avro Lancaster |
Mediterranean Sea near Sicily |
1955 | Aug 11 | 66 | 0 |
Two USAF C-119 Flying Boxcars |
near Stuttgart, Germany |
1958 | Feb 1 | 48 | 2 |
Lockheed P2V-5F Neptune / Douglas C-118A Liftmaster |
Norwalk, California, U.S. |
1958 | Feb 5 | 0 | 4 |
USAF B-47 Stratojet / USAF F-86 Sabre |
Tybee Island, Georgia, U.S. |
1958 | Mar 27 | 18 | 0 |
USAF C-119 Flying Boxcar / USAF C-124 Globemaster II[8] |
Bridgeport, Texas, U.S. |
1965 | Jun 15 | 18 | 0 |
Two U.S. Army UH-1D Iroquoises |
Fort Benning, Georgia, U.S. |
1966 | Jan 17 | 7 | 4 |
USAF B-52G Stratofortress / USAF KC-135 Stratotanker |
Mediterranean Sea near Palomares, Almería |
1966 | Jun 8 | 2 | 1 |
XB-70 Valkyrie prototype / F-104 Starfighter |
near Barstow, California, U.S. |
1983 | May 1 | 0 | 3 |
Israeli Air Force F-15 Eagle / A-4 Skyhawk |
Negev, Israel |
1985 | Jul 5 | 1 | 0 |
Two A-4F Skyhawk aircraft of the Blue Angels |
Niagara Falls, U.S. |
1988 | Mar 8 | 17 | 0 |
Two U.S. Army UH-60A Blackhawks[9] |
Fort Campbell, Kentucky, U.S. |
1988 | Aug 28 | 70[N 4] | 0 |
Three Aermacchi MB-339PAN aircraft of the Frecce Tricolori |
Ramstein Air Base, Germany |
1989 | Sep 3 | 1 | 1 |
Two Canadair CT-114 Tutor Snowbirds during the Canadian International Air Show |
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
1994 | Mar 23 | 24[N 5] | 7 |
F-16 Fighting Falcon / C-130 Hercules |
Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, U.S. |
1996 | June 12 | 18 | 10 |
Two UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters of the Australian SAS |
Townsville, Australia |
1996 | June 19 | 6 | 8 |
Two U.S. Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters |
Fort Campbell, Kentucky, U.S. |
1997 | Feb 4 | 73 | 0 |
Two IAF Sikorsky CH-53 helicopters |
She'ar Yashuv, Israel |
1997 | Sep 13 | 33 | 0 |
Luftwaffe Tu-154 / USAF C-141 |
Namibia |
2001 | Apr 1 | 1 | 24 |
USN Lockheed EP-3E / PLAN Shenyang J-8II |
South China Sea near Hainan Island, PRC |
2002 | Nov 6 | 1 | 1 |
Two MiG-29s of the Slovak Air Force |
near Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia |
2009 | Feb 11 | 4 | 0 |
Two Grob Tutors of the RAF |
Porthcawl, Wales, UK |
2009 | Aug 16 | 1 | 1 |
Two Sukhoi Su-27s of the Russian Knights |
Moscow, Russia |
2009 | Oct 30 | 9 | 0 |
USCG C-130 / USMC Cobra Helicopter |
Off the coast of California, U.S. |
2014 | June 23 | 2 | 1 |
Learjet 35A / Eurofighter Typhoon |
Olsberg, Germany |
2014 | August 19 | 4 | 0 |
Two Tornado fighters |
Ascoli Piceno, Italy |
See also
References
- Notes
- 1 2 All deaths directly attributable to the collision are counted as fatalities.
- 1 2 In general, only occupants of an aircraft directly involved in the mid-air collision are counted as survivors. Bystanders who received nonfatal or no injuries, such as airshow spectators, participants in a military exercise, occupants of nearby non-involved aircraft, and/or airport ground crew, are not included unless their involvement in the incident is particularly notable.
- ↑ Includes 20 ground fatalities caused by detonation of bomb that fell from one aircraft as result of collision.
- ↑ Fatalities include 3 pilots participating in airshow and 67 bystanders hit by debris, the latter including a pilot in a parked helicopter. Refer to main article.
- ↑ All aircrew involved in initial collision survived; all fatalities occurred on the ground as result of debris and burning fuel. Refer to main article.
6
- Citations
- Bibliography
- Gero, David B. "Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908". Sparkford, Yoevil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84425-645-7
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