Midpoint method

For the midpoint rule in numerical quadrature, see rectangle method.
Illustration of the midpoint method assuming that equals the exact value The midpoint method computes so that the red chord is approximately parallel to the tangent line at the midpoint (the green line).

In numerical analysis, a branch of applied mathematics, the midpoint method is a one-step method for numerically solving the differential equation,

.

The explicit midpoint method is given by the formula

the implicit midpoint method by

for Here, is the step size a small positive number, and is the computed approximate value of The explicit midpoint method is also known as the modified Euler method,[1] the implicit method is the most simple collocation method, and, applied to Hamiltionian dynamics, a symplectic integrator.

The name of the method comes from the fact that in the formula above the function giving the slope of the solution is evaluated at which is the midpoint between at which the value of y(t) is known and at which the value of y(t) needs to be found.

The local error at each step of the midpoint method is of order , giving a global error of order . Thus, while more computationally intensive than Euler's method, the midpoint method's error generally decreases faster as .

The methods are examples of a class of higher-order methods known as Runge-Kutta methods.

Derivation of the midpoint method

Illustration of numerical integration for the equation Blue: the Euler method, green: the midpoint method, red: the exact solution, The step size is
The same illustration for It is seen that the midpoint method converges faster than the Euler method.

The midpoint method is a refinement of the Euler's method

and is derived in a similar manner. The key to deriving Euler's method is the approximate equality

which is obtained from the slope formula

and keeping in mind that

For the midpoint methods, one replaces (3) with the more accurate

when instead of (2) we find

One cannot use this equation to find as one does not know at . The solution is then to use a Taylor series expansion exactly as if using the Euler method to solve for :

which, when plugged in (4), gives us

and the explicit midpoint method (1e).

The implicit method (1i) is obtained by approximating the value at the half step by the midpoint of the line segment from to

and thus

Inserting the approximation for results in the implicit Runge-Kutta method

which contains the implicit Euler method with step size as its first part.

Because of the time symmetry of the implicit method, all terms of even degree in of the local error cancel, so that the local error is automatically of order . Replacing the implicit with the explicit Euler method in the determination of results again in the explicit midpoint method.

See also

Notes

References

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