Min-max theorem
In linear algebra and functional analysis, the min-max theorem, or variational theorem, or Courant–Fischer–Weyl min-max principle, is a result that gives a variational characterization of eigenvalues of compact Hermitian operators on Hilbert spaces. It can be viewed as the starting point of many results of similar nature.
This article first discusses the finite-dimensional case and its applications before considering compact operators on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. We will see that for compact operators, the proof of the main theorem uses essentially the same idea from the finite-dimensional argument.
In the case that the operator is non-Hermitian, the theorem provides an equivalent characterization of the associated singular values. The min-max theorem can be extended to self-adjoint operators that are bounded below.
Matrices
Let A be a n × n Hermitian matrix. As with many other variational results on eigenvalues, one considers the Rayleigh–Ritz quotient RA : Cn \ {0} → R defined by
where (⋅, ⋅) denotes the Euclidean inner product on Cn. Clearly, the Rayleigh quotient of an eigenvector is its associated eigenvalue. Equivalently, the Rayleigh–Ritz quotient can be replaced by
For Hermitian matrices, the range of the continuous function RA(x), or f(x), is a compact subset [a, b] of the real line. The maximum b and the minimum a are the largest and smallest eigenvalue of A, respectively. The min-max theorem is a refinement of this fact.
Min-max theorem
Let A be a n × n Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues λ1 ≤ ... ≤ λk ≤ ... ≤ λn then
and
in particular,
and these bounds are attained when x is an eigenvector of the appropriate eigenvalues.
Also note that the simpler formulation for the maximal eigenvalue λn is given by:
Similarly, the minimal eigenvalue λ1 is given by:
Proof
Since the matrix A is Hermitian it is diagonalizable and we can choose an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors {u1, ..., un} that is, ui is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue λi and such that (ui, ui) = 1 and (ui, uj) = 0 for all i ≠ j.
If U is a subspace of dimension k then its intersection with the subspace span{uk, ..., un} isn't zero (by simply checking dimensions) and hence there exists a vector v ≠ 0 in this intersection that we can write as
and whose Rayleigh quotient is
(as all for i=k,..,n) and hence
Since this is true for all U, we can conclude that
This is one inequality. To establish the other inequality, chose the specific k-dimensional space V = span{u1, ..., uk} , for which
because is the largest eigenvalue in V. Therefore, also
In the case where U is a subspace of dimension n-k+1, we proceed in a similar fashion: Consider the subspace of dimension k, span{u1, ..., uk}. Its intersection with the subspace U isn't zero (by simply checking dimensions) and hence there exists a vector v in this intersection that we can write as
and whose Rayleigh quotient is
and hence
Since this is true for all U, we can conclude that
Again, this is one part of the equation. To get the other inequality, note again that the eigenvector u of is contained in U = span{uk, ..., un} so that we can conclude the equality.
Counterexample in the non-Hermitian case
Let N be the nilpotent matrix
Define the Rayleigh quotient exactly as above in the Hermitian case. Then it is easy to see that the only eigenvalue of N is zero, while the maximum value of the Rayleigh ratio is 1/2. That is, the maximum value of the Rayleigh quotient is larger than the maximum eigenvalue.
Applications
Min-max principle for singular values
The singular values {σk} of a square matrix M are the square roots of eigenvalues of M*M (equivalently MM*). An immediate consequence of the first equality from min-max theorem is
Similarly,
Cauchy interlacing theorem
Let A be a symmetric n × n matrix. The m × m matrix B, where m ≤ n, is called a compression of A if there exists an orthogonal projection P onto a subspace of dimension m such that P*AP = B. The Cauchy interlacing theorem states:
- Theorem. If the eigenvalues of A are α1 ≤ ... ≤ αn, and those of B are β1 ≤ ... ≤ βj ≤ ... ≤ βm, then for all j < m + 1,
This can be proven using the min-max principle. Let βi have corresponding eigenvector bi and Sj be the j dimensional subspace Sj = span{b1, ..., bj}, then
According to first part of min-max, αj ≤ βj. On the other hand, if we define Sm−j+1 = span{bj, ..., bm}, then
where the last inequality is given by the second part of min-max.
Notice that, when n − m = 1, we have αj ≤ βj ≤ αj+1, hence the name interlacing theorem.
Compact operators
Let A be a compact, Hermitian operator on a Hilbert space H. Recall that the spectrum of such an operator form a sequence of real numbers whose only possible cluster point is zero. Every nonzero number in the spectrum is an eigenvalue. It no longer makes sense here to list the positive eigenvalues in increasing order. Let the positive eigenvalues of A be
where multiplicity is taken into account as in the matrix case. When H is infinite-dimensional, the above sequence of eigenvalues is necessarily infinite. We now apply the same reasoning as in the matrix case. Letting Sk ⊂ H be a k dimensional subspace, we can obtain the following theorem.
- Theorem (Min-Max). Let A be a compact, self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space H, whose positive eigenvalues are listed in decreasing order ... ≤ λk ≤ ... ≤ λ1. Then:
A similar pair of equalities hold for negative eigenvalues.
Proof:
Let S' be the closure of the linear span . The subspace S' has codimension k − 1. By the same dimension count argument as in the matrix case, S' ∩ Sk is non empty. So there exists x ∈ S' ∩ Sk with . Since it is an element of S' , such an x necessarily satisfy
Therefore, for all Sk
But A is compact, therefore the function f(x) = (Ax, x) is weakly continuous. Furthermore, any bounded set in H is weakly compact. This lets us replace the infimum by minimum:
So
Because equality is achieved when ,
This is the first part of min-max theorem for compact self-adjoint operators.
Analogously, consider now a (k − 1)-dimensional subspace Sk−1, whose the orthogonal complement is denoted by Sk−1⊥. If S' = span{u1...uk},
So
This implies
where the compactness of A was applied. Index the above by the collection of k-1-dimensional subspaces gives
Pick Sk−1 = span{u1, ..., uk−1} and we deduce
Self-adjoint operators
The min-max theorem also applies to (possibly unbounded) self-adjoint operators.[1] [2] Recall the essential spectrum is the spectrum without isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity. Sometimes we have some eigenvalues below the bottom of the essential spectrum, and we would like to approximate the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
Theorem (Min-Max). Let A be self-adjoint, and let be the eigenvalues of A below the essential spectrum. Then
.
If we only have N eigenvalues and hence run out of eigenvalues, then we let (the bottom of the essential spectrum) for n>N, and the above statement holds after replacing min-max with inf-sup.
Theorem (Max-Min). Let A be self-adjoint, and let be the eigenvalues of A below the essential spectrum. Then
.
If we only have N eigenvalues and hence run out of eigenvalues, then we let (the bottom of the essential spectrum) for n>N, and the above statement holds after replacing max-min with sup-inf.
The proofs[1][2] use the following results about self-adjoint operators:
Theorem. Let A be self-adjoint. Then for if and only if .
Theorem. If A is self-adjoint, then
and
.
See also
References
- 1 2 G. Teschl, Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics (GSM 99) http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~gerald/ftp/book-schroe/schroe.pdf
- 1 2 Lieb-Loss, Analysis 2nd ed. (GSM 14)
- M. Reed and B. Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics IV: Analysis of Operators, Academic Press, 1978.