Missense mutation

In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.^[1] It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution.

Substitution of protein from DNA mutations

This image shows an example of missense mutation. One of the nucleotides (adenine) is replaced by another nucleotide (cytosine) in the DNA sequence. This results in an incorrect amino acid (proline) being incorporated into the protein sequence.

Missense mutation or substitution refers to a change in one amino acid in a protein, arising from a point mutation in a single nucleotide. Missense mutation is a type of nonsynonymous substitution in a DNA sequence. Another type of nonsynonymous substitution is a nonsense mutation in which a codon is changed to a premature stop codon that results in truncation of the resulting protein. Missense mutations can render the resulting protein nonfunctional,^[2] and such mutations are responsible for human diseases such as Epidermolysis bullosa, sickle-cell disease, and SOD1 mediated ALS.^[3]

In the most common variant of sickle-cell disease, the 20th nucleotide of the gene for the beta chain of hemoglobin is altered from the codon GAG to GTG. Thus, the 6th amino acid glutamic acid is substituted by valine—notated as an "E6V" mutation—and the protein is sufficiently altered to cause the sickle-cell disease.^[4]

Not all missense mutations lead to appreciable protein changes. An amino acid may be replaced by an amino acid of very similar chemical properties, in which case, the protein may still function normally; this is termed a neutral, "quiet", "silent" or conservative mutation. Alternatively, the amino acid substitution could occur in a region of the protein which does not significantly affect the protein secondary structure or function. When an amino acid may be encoded by more than one codon (so-called "degenerate coding") a mutation in a codon may not produce any change in translation; this would be a silent mutation (a type of synonymous substitution, which is not always silent) and not a missense mutation.

Example

Wild type (left) and mutated (right) form of lamin A (pdb id: 1IFR). Normally, Arginine 527 (blue) forms salt bridge with glutamate 527 (magenta), but R527L substitution results in breaking this interaction (leucine has a nonpolar tail and therefore cannot form a static salt bridge).

    DNA: 5' - AAC AGC CTG CGT ACG GCT CTC - 3'
         3' - TTG TCG GAC GCA TGC CGA GAG - 5'
   mRNA: 5' - AAC AGC CUG CGU ACG GCU CUC - 3'
Protein:      Asn Ser Leu Arg Thr Ala Leu

LMNA missense mutation (c.1580G>T) introduced at LMNA gene – position 1580 (nt) in the DNA sequence (CGT) causing the guanine to be replaced with the thymine, yielding CTT in the DNA sequence. This results at the protein level in the replacement of the arginine by the leucine at the position 527.^[5] This leads to destruction of salt bridge and structure destabilization. At phenotype level this manifest with overlapping mandibuloacral dysplasia and progeria syndrome.

The resulting transcript and protein product is:

    DNA: 5' - AAC AGC CTG CTT ACG GCT CTC - 3'
         3' - TTG TCG GAC GAA TGC CGA GAG - 5'
   mRNA: 5' - AAC AGC CUG CUU ACG GCU CUC - 3'
Protein:      Asn Ser Leu Leu Thr Ala Leu

Experimental analysis

Cancer associated missense mutations can lead to drastic destabilisation of the resulting protein.^[6] A novel method to screen for such changes was proposed recently, namely fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp).^[7]

See also

• Ka/Ks ratio

References

1. "Definition of Missense mutation". MedTerms medical dictionary. MedicineNet. 2012-03-19.
2. Minde, David P; Anvarian, Zeinab; Rüdiger, Stefan GD; Maurice, Madelon M (1 January 2011). "Messing up disorder: how do missense mutations in the tumor suppressor protein APC lead to cancer?". Molecular Cancer. 10 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-10-101. PMC 3170638. PMID 21859464.
3. Boillée, S; Vande Velde, C; Cleveland, D. W. (2006). "ALS: A disease of motor neurons and their nonneuronal neighbors". Neuron. 52 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.018. PMID 17015226.
4. "141900 Hemoglobin—Beta Locus; HBB: .0243 Hemoglobin S. Sickle Cell Anemia, included. Malaria, Resistance to, included. HBB, GLU6VAL — 141900.0243". Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM).
5. Al-Haggar M, Madej-Pilarczyk A, Kozlowski L, Bujnicki JM, Yahia S, Abdel-Hadi D, Shams A, Ahmad N, Hamed S, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M (2012). "A novel homozygous p.Arg527Leu LMNA mutation in two unrelated Egyptian families causes overlapping mandibuloacral dysplasia and progeria syndrome.". Eur J Hum Genet. 20 (11): 1134–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.77. PMC 3476705. PMID 22549407.
6. Bullock, AN; Henckel, J; DeDecker, BS; Johnson, CM; Nikolova, PV; Proctor, MR; Lane, DP; Fersht, AR (23 December 1997). "Thermodynamic stability of wild-type and mutant p53 core domain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (26): 14338–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14338. PMC 24967. PMID 9405613.
7. Minde, DP; Maurice, MM; Rüdiger, SG (2012). "Determining biophysical protein stability in lysates by a fast proteolysis assay, FASTpp". PLoS ONE. 7 (10): e46147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046147. PMC 3463568. PMID 23056252.

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