Glandularia

Glandularia
Glandularia bipinnatifida
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Genus: Glandularia
J.F.Gmel.
Type species
Glandularia carolinensis
J.F.Gmel.
Glandularia canadensis, a member of the northern lineage. Its chloroplasts derive from a South American Verbena
Glandularia peruviana, a member of the southern lineage
Glandularia pulchella

Glandularia (common name mock vervain or mock verbena) is a genus of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae. They are native to the Americas.

Glandularia species are closely related to the true vervains[1] and sometimes still included with them in Verbena. Horizontal chloroplast transfer occurred at least twice and possibly three times between these genera, which are otherwise too distinct to warrant unification. The discovery of the signal in the chloroplast genome was announced in 2008 by researchers from the University of Washington. Somehow, chloroplasts from V. orcuttiana, swamp verbena (V. hastata) or a close relative of these had admixed into the G. bipinnatifida genome. Although hybridization runs rampant in the true and mock vervains – the ancestors of the well-known garden vervain are quite obscure – it does not seem to have been the cause of the cross-species gene transfer.[2]

In addition, the researchers discovered the signal of one more transfer event. This had introduced chloroplasts from an ancestral member of the Verbena lineage nowadays found in South America into Glandularia. Although all members of the present genus can be distinguished to have a chromosome count of five, the South American species are diploid, while polyploid hybrid Glandularia are very widespread from northern Central America northwards. The second genetic introgression must have occurred before the genus spread north, as species with the Verbena-like chloroplasts are found all over the Americas. Since the new chloroplast genes replaced the old ones, it may be that the possibly hybridogenic G. bipinnatifida actually underwent horizontal chloroplast transfer twice in its evolutionary history.[2]

Species

The following species are recognised by The Plant List:[3]

  • Glandularia alejandrana B.L.Turner
  • Glandularia amoena (Paxton) Umber
  • Glandularia andalgalensis (Moldenke) P.Peralta
  • Glandularia angustilobata (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
  • Glandularia araucana (Phil.) Botta
  • Glandularia aristigera (S.Moore) Tronc.
  • Glandularia atacamensis (Reiche) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
  • Glandularia aurantiaca (Speg.) Botta
  • Glandularia bajacalifornica (Moldenke) Umber
  • Glandularia balansae (Briq.) N.O'Leary
  • Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer) Nutt.
  • Glandularia brachyrhynchos G.L.Nesom & Vorobik
  • Glandularia cabrerae (Moldenke) Botta
  • Glandularia canadensis (L.) Small
  • Glandularia catharinae (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia cheitmaniana (Moldenke) Botta & Poggio
  • Glandularia clavata (Ruiz & Pav.) Botta
  • Glandularia corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia delticola (Small ex Perry) Umber
  • Glandularia dissecta (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia dusenii (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia elegans (Kunth) Umber
  • Glandularia flava (Gillies & Hook.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig
  • Glandularia guaibensis P.Peralta & V.Thode
  • Glandularia guaranitica Tronc.
  • Glandularia gynobasis (Wedd.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia hassleriana (Briq.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia hatschbachii (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia herteri (Moldenke) Tronc.
  • Glandularia humifusa (Cham.) Botta
  • Glandularia jordanensis (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
  • Glandularia kuntzeana (Moldenke) Tronc.
  • Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia lilacina (Greene) Umber
  • Glandularia lilloana (Moldenke) Botta
  • Glandularia lipozygioides (Walp.) L.E.Navas
  • Glandularia lobata (Vell.) P.Peralta & V.Thode
  • Glandularia macrosperma (Speg.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia maritima (Small) Small
  • Glandularia marrubioides (Cham.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia megapotamica (Spreng.) Cabrera & G.Dawson
  • Glandularia mendocina (Phil.) Covas & Schnack
  • Glandularia microphylla (Kunth) Cabrera
  • Glandularia nana (Moldenke) Tronc.
  • Glandularia paraguariensis (Moldenke) N.O'Leary
  • Glandularia parodii Covas & Schnack
  • Glandularia paulensis (Moldenke) A.L.R.Oliveira & Salimena
  • Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small
  • Glandularia phlogiflora (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia platensis (Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia polyantha Umber
  • Glandularia porrigens (Phil.) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
  • Glandularia pulchra (Moldenke) Botta
  • Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber
  • Glandularia quadrangulata (A.Heller) Umber
  • Glandularia racemosa (Eggert) Umber
  • Glandularia radicans Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia rectiloba (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
  • Glandularia reichei (Acevedo) L.E.Navas
  • Glandularia santiaguensis Covas & Schnack
  • Glandularia scrobiculata (Griseb.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia selloi (Spreng.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia sessilis (Cham.) Tronc.
  • Glandularia stellarioides (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia subincana Tronc.
  • Glandularia sulphurea (D.Don) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia tampensis (Nash) Small
  • Glandularia tecticaulis (Tronc.) N.O'Leary
  • Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera
  • Glandularia tessmannii (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
  • Glandularia teucriifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Umber
  • Glandularia thymoides (Cham.) N.O'Leary
  • Glandularia tomophylla (Briq.) P.Peralta
  • Glandularia tristachya (Tronc. & Burkart) Schnack & Covas
  • Glandularia tumidula (L.M.Perry) Umber
  • Glandularia turneri G.L.Nesom
  • Glandularia tweedieana (Niven ex Hook.) P.Peralta
  • Glandularia venturii (Moldenke) Botta
  • Glandularia verecunda Umber

References

  1. ↑ Silvia M. Botta, Susana Martinez & Maria E. Mulgura de Romero (1995). "Novedades nomenclaturales en Verbenaceae" [Nomenclatural novelties in Verbenaceae]. Hickenia. 2: 127–128.
  2. 1 2 Yao-Wu Yuan & Richard G. Olmstead (2008). "A species-level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 23–33. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.004. PMID 18495498.
  3. ↑ "Glandularia". The Plant List. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
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