Mongolic languages

Mongolic
Geographic distribution:	Mongolia; Inner Mongolia and regions close to its border, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai (China); Buryatia, Kalmykia (Russia) and Herat (Afghanistan)
Linguistic classification:	Khitan–Mongolic?[1] (see below) Otherwise one of the world's primary language families
Proto-language:	Proto-Mongolic
Subdivisions:	Central Mongolic Southern Mongolic Daur Moghol
ISO 639-5:	xgn
Glottolog:	mong1329[2]
Geographic distribution of the Mongolic languages

The Mongolic languages are a group of languages spoken in East-Central Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas plus in Kalmykia. The best-known member of this language family, Mongolian, is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia and the Mongolian residents of Inner Mongolia, China with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers.^[3]

The closest relative of the Mongolic languages appears to be the extinct language Khitan.^[1] Some linguists have grouped Mongolic with Turkic, Tungusic, and possibly Koreanic and Japonic as part of a larger Altaic family,^[4] but this has been widely disputed.

Classification

Historical Mongolic:

• Middle Mongol (depending on classification spoken from the 13th century until the early 15th century^[5] or late 16th century^[6]—given the almost entire lack of written sources for the period in-between, an exact cut-off point cannot be established)
• Classical Mongolian, from approximately 1700 to 1900

Contemporary Mongolic:

• Daur (=Dagur) (ca. 100,000 speakers)
• Central Mongolic
  • Khamnigan (c. 2,000 speakers)
  • Buryat (dialects: Bargu, Khori, Aga, Ekhirit, Unga, Nizhne-Udinsk, Barguzin, Tunka, Oka, Alar, Bohaan, Bulagat) (c. 300,000 speakers)
  • Mongolian proper (including Khalkha basically in Mongolia and Chakhar, Khorchin, Kharchin, Baarin, Shilingol in Inner Mongolia) (ca. 5–6 m. speakers)
  • Ordos (ca. 100,000 speakers)
  • Oirat (varieties: Torgut, Dörbet, Olot (Ööld, Elyut, Eleuth), Zakhchin, Mingat, Bayad, Kalmyk Oirat, Khoshut (Khoshuud), Alasha) (c. 300,000 speakers)
• Southern Mongolic (part of a Gansu–Qinghai Sprachbund)
  • Eastern Yugur (Shira Yugur) (c. 3,000 speakers)
  • Shirongolic
    • Monguor (also known as Tu; dialects: Mongghul (Huzhu), Mangghuer (Minhe)) (ca. 100,000+30,000 speakers)
    • Bonan (ca. 10,000 speakers), Santa (Dongxiang) (ca. 600,000 speakers), Kangjia
• Moghol (=Mogholi) (unclear whether there are speakers left)

The classification and speaker numbers above follow Janhunen (2006)^[7] except for Southern Mongolic which follows Nugteren (2011).^[8] In another classificational approach,^[9] there is a tendency to call Central Mongolian a language consisting of Mongolian proper, Oirat and Buryat, while Ordos (and implicitly also Khamnigan) is seen as a variety of Mongolian proper. Within Mongolian proper, they then draw a distinction between Khalkha on the one hand and Southern Mongolian (containing everything else) on the other hand. A less common subdivision of Central Mongolian is to divide it into a Central dialect (Khalkha, Chakhar, Ordos), an Eastern dialect (Kharchin, Khorchin), a Western dialect (Oirat, Kalmyk), and a Northern dialect (consisting of two Buryat varieties).^[10] The broader delimitation of Mongolian may be based on mutual intelligibility, but an analysis based on a tree diagram such as the one above faces other problems due to the close contacts between e.g. Buryat and Khalkha Mongols during history thus creating or preserving a dialect continuum. Another problem lies in the sheer comparability of terminology as Western linguists use language and dialect, while Mongolian linguists use the Grimmian trichotomy language (kele), dialect (nutuγ-un ayalγu) and Mundart (aman ayalγu).

Proto-Mongolic

Proto-Mongolic, the ancestor language of the modern Mongolic languages, is very close to Middle Mongol, the language spoken at the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Most features of modern Mongolic languages can thus be reconstructed from Middle Mongol. An exception would be the voice suffix like -caga- 'do together', which can be reconstructed from the modern languages but is not attested in Middle Mongol.

One can speculate that the languages of Donghu, Wuhuan, and Xianbei might be related to Proto-Mongolic.^[11] For Tabghach, the language of the founders of the Northern Wei dynasty for which the surviving evidence is very sparse, and Khitan, for which evidence exists that is written in the two Khitan scripts which have as yet not been fully deciphered, a direct affiliation to Mongolic can now be taken to be most likely or even demonstrated.^[12]

Para-Mongolic

The closest relative of the languages traced back to Proto-Mongolic appears to be the medieval Khitan language. Khitan has been described as "Para-Mongolic": not part of the Mongolic family, but related to it.^[1]

Notes

1. Juha Janhunen (2006). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Mongolic". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Svantesson et al. (2005:141)
4. e.g. Starostin, Dybo & Mudrak (2003); contra e.g. Vovin (2005)
5. Rybatzki (2003:57)
6. Poppe (1964:1)
7. Janhunen (2006:232–233)
8. Nugteren (2011)
9. e.g. Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005:193–194)
10. Luvsanvandan (1959) quoted from Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005:167–168)
11. Andrews (1999:72), "[...] believed that at least some of their constituent tribes spoke a Mongolian language, though there is still some argument that a particular variety of Turkic may have been spoken among them."
12. see Vovin 2007 for Tabghach and Janhunen 2012 for Khitan

References

• Andrews, Peter A. (1999). Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage, Volume 1. Melisende. ISBN 1-901764-03-6.
• Janhunen, Juha, ed. (2003). The Mongolic languages. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1133-3.
  • Rybatzki, Volker (2003). "Middle Mongol". In Janhunen, J. pp. 47–82. Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Janhunen, Juha. 2012. Khitan – Understanding the language behind the scripts. SCRIPTA, Vol. 4: 107–132.
• Janhunen, Juha (2006). "Mongolic languages". In Brown, K. The encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 231–234.
• Luvsanvandan, Š. (1959). "Mongol hel ajalguuny učir". Mongolyn sudlal. 1.
• Nugteren, Hans (2011). Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages (Ph.D.). Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics / Landelijke – LOT.
• Poppe, Nicholas (1964) [1954]. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003). The Chakhar dialect of Mongol – A morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.
• [Sechenbaatar] Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe. (2005). Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ.
• Starostin, Sergei A.; Dybo, Anna V.; Mudrak, Oleg A. (2003). Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
• Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzén, Vivan (2005). The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy (review of Starostin et al. 2003)". Central Asiatic Journal. 49 (1): 71–132.

• Vovin, Alexander. 2007. Once again on the Tabgač language. Mongolian Studies XXIX: 191–206.

External links

• Ethnic map of Mongolia
• Monumenta Altaica grammars, texts, dictionaries and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages