Mow Pang Tzu

Mow Pang Tzu (毛邦初)

Mow Pang Tzu in 1943
Born (1904-03-05)March 5, 1904
Shanghai, China
Died June 22, 1987(1987-06-22) (aged 83)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Allegiance  Republic of China
Service/branch Republic of China Air Force
Years of service 1927–1952
Rank

Major General (1940–1949)

Lieutenant General (1949–1952)
Commands held Republic of China Air Force
Battles/wars

Sino-Japanese War
World War II

Awards Medal of the Kuomintang (1944) Legion of Merit (1945)
Spouse(s) Wong Ay Chua
Agnes Kelly (1951–1956)

Mow Pang Tzu (Chinese: 毛邦初; also transcribed as Mow Pang Tsu, Mow Pong Tsu, Mow Pang Chu or Mao Bangchu; March 5, 1904 – June 22, 1987) was a high-ranking military officer in the Chinese Chiang Kai-shek government. He was the main figure in an embezzlement scandal that pitched him against the Taiwan government in the early fifties. The charges and countercharges of fraud and misappropriation of millions of dollars, ensuing legal battles, and John-le-Carré-like plots involving private detectives, Mexican prisons, night-club dancers, US Congressmen, suspicious deaths, and the US Supreme Court, were covered in over 2,000 articles published in the US, China, Australia, India, and many other countries around the world.

Early life

Mow Pang Tzu was born in Shanghai, China, in 1904. His ancestral hometown is Ngai Tou, a suburb of Ningbo, in the county of Fenghua in Zhejiang Province (浙江省奉化县岩溪村). His mother was the older sister of Mao Fumei, (毛福梅, 9 November 1882 – 12 December 1939), the first wife of Chiang Kai-shek, and mother of Chiang Ching-kuo.[1][2][3] Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, was born in 1887 in Xikou, a town approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) southwest of downtown Ningbo. Mow Pang Tzu's father worked for Standard Oil in Shanghai.[3] Standard Oil was an American company established by John D. Rockefeller in Ohio in 1870. By the end of the 19th century it had become one of the first multinational corporations, with offices around the world.

Military career

Mow Pang Tzu graduated from the 3rd class of China’s Whampoa Military Academy in 1927. The academy was established in 1924 by the Kuomintang (KMT) with funds and support from the Soviet Union. Soviet officers initially focused their teaching on basic infantry topics and provided special classes for artillery, engineering, communication, logistical and machine gun units. After this basic training, Mow was sent to Moscow and Italy where he received additional training as pilot.[4] When he returned to China, he became Chiang Kai-shek's personal pilot and distinguished himself during the Northern Expedition that substantially increased Chiang's and the KMT's sphere of influence.[5] During the Northern Expedition, Chiang and his followers, including Mow Pang Tzu, decide to purge the KMT of its communist wing.[6] The Shanghai Massacre of 12 April 1927, during which hundreds of members of the KMT's left wing were arrest and executed, heralded the beginning of the Chinese Civil War, which would last until 1950.

Further enhancing his standing with Chiang Kai-shek, Mow Pang Tzu commanded the air assaults on a rebellious, heavily-fortified city in the Fujian Province, in 1934.[7][8] The successful assault proved crucial for Chiang's ground forces to take control of the city.[9] Subsequently, as member of the National Government Aviation Committee, Mow Pang Tzu was sent to the United States to explore the purchase of new airplanes for the Chinese air force. While he attend an airshow in Miami, Florida,[10][11] he met Captain Claire Chennault, who let a demonstration by the Army Air Corps. Impressed by his skills, Mow invited him to come to China.[7] On May 25, 1940, Mow was promoted to Major General, and in 1941 he helped Captain Chennault to established the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force.[2][7] Under the leadership of Chennault the AVG successfully engaged the Japanese air force on many occasions and became famous as the so-called "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were also instrumental in establishing an alternate supply route over "The Hump," a connection between Burma and southern Chinese cities, such as Kunming and Chengdu.[12][13] Mow was part of a group of pilots that sought suitable routes through the very difficult terrain of the Himalayas.[14] The first recorded flight over what later became the Hump route from Dinjan, Burma, to Kunming, China, was performed by Xia Pu, a pilot of American citizenship from the China National Aviation Corporation in November 1941.[12][15]

Air Force Procurement Officer

In 1942 General Mow was assigned to the U.S. to establish the Chinese Air Force Office in Washington, DC and was placed in charge of aviation procurement activities.[16][17][18] Over the years he was entrusted with over $50,000,000 (worth about half a billion dollars in 2015)[19] for the purchase of military aircraft and supplies.[20] On August 14, 1944, General Mow was given the Medal of the Kuomintang, and in August 1945, President Harry Truman awarded him the U.S. Legion of Merit "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States from February 1943 to August 1945."[21] Subsequently he was promoted to Lieutenant General of the Republic of China Air Force.[22] In May 1945, less than two years before the 228 Massacre[23] that marked the beginning of the KMT's White Terror period in Taiwan, Mow was appointed as a member of the Sixth Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. He eventually became the national government's representatives in the United States Aviation Committee and the United Nations Security Council.[24] In 1949 his wife, Wong Ay Chuan (also known as Pauline), and five of his six sons (Van, Maurice, Donald, Harry and William) joined General Mow in Washington, DC, where they lived in a diplomatic home on 32nd Street, N.W. in the Woodley Park neighborhood. His oldest son, David, who served in the air force, stayed in Taiwan.[20]

The Scandal

General Mow Pang Tsu after his arrest in Mexico on August 12, 1952.

In the early fifties, General Mow became entangled in an embezzlement scandal that was covered in great detail in major US and Chinese newspapers.[25][26] The Chiang Kai-shek government of the Republic of China alleged that General Mow failed to account for $19,440,000[5] (equivalent to about $180,000,000 in 2015)[27] and removed him from all official positions at the UN.[28] General Mow responded that the charges were only brought in retaliation for his discovery of corruption in the inner circles of the Chiang government.[29][30][31] Ambassador Wellington Koo recalled in his memoirs that at the heart of the matter were strong personal animosities between General Chou, who was leading the Chinese Air Force, and General Mow, who "always felt that he should have been the commanding general of the air force."[32] (Madame Chiang Kai-shek had accused both generals as early as 1938 of corruption and was dismayed they had not been punished more severely.[33] Similarly, in 1943, American General Joseph Stilwell, a military adviser to Chiang during World War II, strongly criticized Chiang and his generals for what he perceived as their incompetence and corruption.[34][35]) Koo furthermore found prove that General Mow had diverted large sums of government funds into his own accounts in the US and around the world, which include $2,000,000 in United States Treasury bearer bonds.[32] Fearing extradition to Taiwan and possibly execution, General Mow did not appear in court as ordered,[36][37][38] and instead fled to Mexico in January 1952.[39][40][41] Initially he flew to San Antonio, TX with his assistant Frances Yuan, who later detailed the journey in a congressional hearing.[42] Subsequently, he flew to Tucson, AZ, took a bus to the border town of Nogales, AZ, and eventually arrived in the resort town of Cuernavaca, approximately 50 miles to the south of Mexico City. The first weeks he stayed with Oliver Kisich, a friend and nightclub entertainer from San Francisco. Mow went on to buy 250,000-Peso villa, hired 4 servants, and arranged for his secretary, Agnes Kelly, a "tall, blonde, ex-showgirl," to join him. When he attempted to obtain a Mexican passport under the cover name of Carlos Gomez Lee Wong, his identity was discovered, and Mexican authorities arrested him for illegal entry into their country.[20][43][44][45][46]

Mow Pang Tzu defending himself in Mexican Court.[47]

A protracted legal and political battle ensued during which Taiwan sought an extradition of General Mow from Mexico, and the recovery of $6,400,000 million in US courts. General Mow never disputed that he embezzled the funds. He claimed to be a "patriot, preserving all the millions for the people (of China), when they should cast off their present government."[20][47] Richard O'Connor from the Coronet Magazine commented, "Meanwhile, he spread plenty of their money around as a highly unofficial ambassador of good will." It was reported that the Chiang Kai-shek government hired John Broady,[31] an infamous private investigator,[48][49] to find and recover the missing funds, and to extract General Mow from Mexico. The attempt of removing Mow from Mexico failed, and an attempt to bring some of the recovered security notes to New York ended with the shooting death of Clarence Sopman, a Broady associate, near Mexico City.[20] In the end, General Mow was imprisoned in the Black Palace of Lecumberri, in a prison cell next to Leon Trotsky assassin Ramón Mercader, from 1951 until 1955.[50] Allegedly he paid $350 per month to have "luxury" prison housing, including a valet, cook, and weekly conjugal visits by Agnes Kelly.[20][51]

Cover of Transcript of Congressional Hearing HRG-1952-SJS-0024 concerning the General Mow case.[42]

The Mow case also became a proxy battle in the political fight over US support for Communist China under Mao Zedong or National China under Chiang Kai-shek.[52][53] In the late forties opinions in the US were split about who should be considered the true representative of the Chinese people, the communist government on the mainland, or the government in Taiwan (which was referred to as "Formosa" at that time). Many considered the Formosa government inapt and deeply corrupt;[34][35] and Mao Zedong, even though a communist, was considered a powerful ally against Japan and Russia.[54] The Korean War, which started in June 1950, seemed to settle the question in favor of Chiang Kai-shek.[55] Consequently, Republicans, such Congressman Walter H. Judd and Senator William F. Knowland strongly supported Taiwan's position. On the other hand, liberal democrats used the case to label Mow as "principled hero" and attacked the Chiang Kai-shek government.[56] A congressional hearing was convened during which France Yuan, Mow personal assistant, and Col. Hsiang, Mow's right hand, were called to testify.[42] Hsiang defended General Mow forcefully, but was not helped by the fact that his wife and children had fled to Communist China.[57] In the press the liberal Drew Pearson from the Washington Post wrote many articles to defend General Mow,[58][59][60][61][62] while the conservative columnist James Westbrook Pegler tried to discredit Pearson, by linking him to the embezzlement scandal. Apparently Pearson had indirectly received $60,000 from funds misappropriated by Mow.[63][64][65]

Mow leaving the Black-Palace prison in Mexico City, May 24, 1955.[66]

In 1955 a Mexican Court barred the extradition of General Mow, and he was freed from prison.[66][67][68][69][70] However, a US Appeals Court upheld a lower-court ruling that General Mow owed the Republic of China $6,368,503 plus interest and costs.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77] Trying to collect all the funds proved to be difficult, even though a good amount was recovered. For example, $810,000 were seized by court order in Los Angeles.[78][79] Two $100,000 treasury bonds turned up in Chicago,[80][81] and a $1,000,000 treasury bill was recovered when a Beverly Hills business man tried to cash it in California.[82] A settlement between the Republic of China and Mow was reached in 1958.[32][83][84][85] The settlement negotiated by ambassador George Yeh called for the return of about $1.5 million in Treasury notes still held in Swiss bank accounts. In exchange, General Mow was cleared of all charges and was allowed to keep $200,000 (equivalent to about $1,700,000 in 2015) for future living expenses. For the next 10 years he lived in Mexico, where he allegedly fathered 2 more children. In the mid-sixties General Mow returned to the US and settled in Los Angeles.[86] His sons Harry C.C. Mow and William C. W. Mow, President and CEO of the famous apparel brand Bugle Boy, supported him until his death in 1987.[87] A detailed account of the scandal, up to the settlement in 1958, was aired on Chinese TV on May 15, 2015.[85]

Certain aspect of the case are still of legal relevance today. For example, General Mow defended his position by claiming that Chiang Kai-shek was not the rightful president of Taiwan and hence could not have ordered him to come back or file a lawsuit on behalf of the Chinese people in US courts. The Supreme Court ruled that it is within the purview of the US President, represented by the State Department, to approve ambassadors and recognizes foreign governments.[88] At that time the State Department had provided a letter to the court stating that Chiang-Kai-Check is the recognized president of Taiwan, and Wellington Koo the recognized ambassador of Taiwan in the US. The Supreme Court recently affirmed this general position, when it struck down a law enacted by Congress, but opposed by President Obama, that would let American citizens born in Jerusalem have Israel listed in passports as their country of birth. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in his majority opinion, citing among other sources to the ruling in the Mow case, that recognizing foreign governments is "the President's exclusive power."[89][90] Another more complex issue arose over the legality of countersuits against a foreign government that has immunity, but brings a suit in an American court. For example, in this case, General Mow had countersued Chiang Kai-shek for defamation and the National City Bank of America, sued by the Republic of China for not releasing funds deposited by General Mow, countersute the Republic of China for recovery of lost funds. The courts held that such countersuites are only narrowly allowed if they directly impact the matter put forward by the suing foreign government.[91][92][93] Many of the rulings in this case have been cited in subsequent cases and are frequently discussed in modern law textbooks.[94][95][96]

Family

Mow Pang Tsu had a younger brother, Mow Yingchu (Chinese: 毛瀛初, also transcribed as Mao Yingchu), who was born in 1911.[3][97] He had a similar career as his older brother. He became a pilot in the National Chinese Air Force and rose to the position of the commanding officer of 23rd Pursuit Squadron of 4th Pursuit Group of the Chinese Air Force by 1937. He saw combat at several occasions during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In June 1938, he married Zheng Xiuzhen, which whom he would later have two sons and two daughters. Later in the war, he served as an attaché at the Chinese embassy in Washington DC, United States. In 1946, he graduated from the US Staff and Command College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, United States. He retired from Republic of China Air Force service in 1968 at the rank of Lieutenant General. Between 1969 and 1981, he was an official at the Civil Aviation Authority, and subsequently became the Chairman of the Board of the Hawley & Hazel Chemical Company. He died in Taipei, Taiwan, in 2000.

Mow Pang Tsu was married to Pauline Mow. They had six sons. When the war with Japan broke out in 1937, the family moved to Chongqing, which had become Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital. As a general's family they "lived lavishly, in a large house guarded by a squad of soldiers."[87] By the end of the war with Japan, in 1945, the family was living in Chengdu from where they undertook a long boat journey down the Yangtze River to Shanghai in 1946. At that time, the city was still held by Chiang's forces, but Communist troops were starting to encircle the city. By 1948, Pauline and her 6 sons were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan, together with some 2 million people, consisting mainly of members of the ruling Kuomintang, intellectual and business elites, and soldiers. In March 1949, the family briefly returned to Shanghai to board the last Pan Am flight to the U.S. before the city fell to the Communists.[87][98] (The oldest son, David, was a pilot in the National Chinese Air Force, and stayed in Taiwan. He was killed in Vietnam flying cargo for China Air Transport into Saigon in support of the US war efforts, in 1974.) After General Mow had fled to Mexico in early 1951, Pauline and her sons had to vacate their diplomatic housing in Washington, DC, and settled in Great Neck, New York. Without the support of General Mow, unable to return to Taiwan, not willing to move back to mainland China under communist control, and not being American citizens, the family struggled. They opened a Chinese restaurant, the Yangtze River Cafe, to provide some income.[87] Luckily several of the Mow brothers had already been enrolled in a private boarding school (Riverdale Country School in Riverdale, NY), which agreed to waive the enrollment fees once the family fell on hard times. Growing up under these difficult circumstances, which were detailed by Van C. Mow in a 2005 lecture,[99] Pauline managed to send all of her sons to college.

Harry C.C. Mow, who was born in 1930, "became the father figure for his four younger brothers" when General Mow fled the US in December 1951.[100] He received a PhD degree in electrical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy, NY, in 1959. He married shortly following his graduation, and in 1963 moved with his family to Southern California. There he worked for the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit "think tank" of the U.S. Air Force, in Santa Monica. During the real estate boom of the late 1970s and 1980s, Harry left RAND and formed Century West Development Inc. As CEO and chairman of the board he led the developed of many real estate projects in the greater Los Angeles area and across the country. At the same time Harry became also a partner and member of the board of directors of the King’s Seafood Company. He went on to become a member of the boards of directors of the UCLA Hospital, Preferred Bank of LA, and the Center for the Partially Sighted. He died on March 1, 2005, in Malibu, CA, leaving behind his wife, two daughters and two sons.

Donald Mow, was born on August 22, 1932. After the family moved to the US in 1949, he attended Riverdale Country School and graduate in 1952.[101] He received a bachelor's degree in architecture from RPI, in 1956.[102] He went on to work for several architectural firms in New York City and was involved in the construction of the TWA terminal at JFK airport. Eventually, he became a self-employed architect with an office in Pleasantville, NY. He lived in Briarcliff Manor, NY for over 20 years. When he died on February 16, 2015 in Beijing, China, he was survived by his ex-wife Shirley Lau Mow and two sons, Douglas and Christopher, as well as his granddaughter, Jessica Mow.

William C. W. Mow was born on April 18, 1936 in Hangzhou, China.[86][87][103][104] After graduating from Riverdale Country School in 1955,[105] he earned a BSEE from Rensselaer Polytechnic, MSEE from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University in 1967.[106] He became famous as the founder and CEO of Bugle Boy Industries, a clothing company especially know for its brand of denim jeans. During the 1980s sales approached $1 billion, making Bugle Boy one of the largest privately owned apparel companies in the United States. In the late 1990s the company started to struggle and in 2001 declared bankruptcy.[107] In 1999, William donate part of his fortune to Riverdale Country School, the school that had helped the family in the early 50's. In turn, the school named their Main Building on Hill Campus William C.W. Mow Hall.[108]

Van C. Mow at the Univ. of Miami, 2014.

Van C. Mow was born as the 5th son on January 10, 1939 in Chengdu, China. Like his three brothers before him, Mow also got his BS degree from RPI. In addition he pursued a PhD in applied mechanics and applied mathematics. Subsequently he became one of the earliest researchers in the field of biomechanics, was elected President of the Orthopaedic Research Society and, in 2000, became the founding chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia University. Following a highly public dispute with the Dean of the Engineering School, Mow stepped down from his position in 2011.[109][110] He is one of the few scholars who have been elected to both the National Academy of Engineering (1991) and the National Academy of Medicine (2015). In 2005, Van Mow donated material related to his father's efforts in the China-Burma-India Theater to the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aviation Museum,[111][112][113] forgoing the Republic of China Air Force Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.[114]

The youngest son, Maurice Mow, received a degree in civil engineering from RPI, in 1963. He went on to become the Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at the California State University at Chico. Under his leadership civil engineering students achieved unprecedented successes in regional and national student competitions. Dr. Mow has also played a significant role in forging numerous corporate partnerships that have resulted in greater employment for graduates.[115] He retired in 2003.[116]

References

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  4. ↑ "Mussolini recibe a la mission de la aviacion militar sovietic -Tambien recibio a la mission aeronautica china," La Vanguardia (Spain), August 10, 1934, p. 24.
  5. 1 2 "Chiang Aide In U.S. Recalled To Account For $19,440,000," New York Times, August 22, 1951, pp. 1 and 4
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  7. 1 2 3 "Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault," by Claire L. Chennault (Author), Robert Hotz (Editor), G.P. Putnam's Sons; 1st edition (1949), ASIN: B0007DZ3D4, p. 36(a), p.29(b), pp. 39–41, 58, 62, 64, 75, 90, 107(c)
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  11. ↑ "Army Air Armada Opens Miami Meet", The New York Times, Friday, January 11, 1935, p. 11.
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  19. ↑ Inflation Calculator
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 O'Connor, Richard (April 15, 1957). "The Tarnished Treasure of General Mow" (PDF). Coronet Magazine Vol. 41. pp. 111–116.
  21. ↑ Legion of Merit Database
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  23. ↑ "Taiwan Turns Light on 1947 Slaughter by Chiang Kai-shek’s Troops," by Michael FORSYTHE, New York Times, July 14, 2015, p. A14.
  24. ↑ Mow Pang Tzu's biography on Baike webpage (in Chinese)
  25. ↑ Lt. General Mow Pang Tsu (毛邦初) Webpage
  26. ↑ General Pang Tzu Mow (毛邦初) Webpage
  27. ↑ Inflation Calculator
  28. ↑ "Mow Barred From U.N", New York Times, Saturday, September 1, 1951, p. 2.
  29. ↑ "Gen. Mow, Ousted By Chiang, Submits Corruption Details", New York Times, Thursday, September 6, 1951, p. 1.
  30. ↑ "Texts Of Two Memorandums Made Public By General Mow," New York Times, Thursday, September 6, 1951, p. 4.
  31. 1 2 "General Mow and the $19,000,000," by Roy Langdon, CLIMAX, June 1957, pp. 2–9.
  32. 1 2 3 The Wellington Koo Memoirs (Chinese Oral History Project of the East Asia Institute of Columbia University, Vol. VII, Part C, 1978, page C-8(a) and page C-241(b),
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  34. 1 2 "The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II," by Wesley Marvin Bagby, Univ of Delaware Press; First Edition (January 1992), pp. 50, 51, 126, 127, 128, 150, 153, 159, 185. ISBN 151680578X
  35. 1 2 "Stilwell's Command Problem," by Romanus and Sunderland, Series: United States Army in World War II: China-Burma-India Theater, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (August 8, 2015), p. 369.
  36. ↑ "Gen. Mow Is Directed To Answer In Court," New York Times, January 11, 1952, p. 4.
  37. ↑ "Default Judgment Against Gen. Mow: Accused Nationalist Failed to Appear in Court," New York Herald Tribune, March 4, 1952, p. 4.
  38. ↑ "Judgment Ordered Against Mow," New York Times, March 4, 1952, pp. 1 & 3.
  39. ↑ New York Times, "Gen. Mow In Mexico; Bars Return In Suit," Friday, February 22, 1952, p. 2
  40. ↑ "The General & the Blonde," Time Magazine, Vol. 60 Issue 8, p33, 8/25/1952.
  41. ↑ "Mexico Arrests China General in Funds Theft," Chicago Tribune, Aug., 14, 1952, Part 2, p. 4.
  42. 1 2 3 CONGRESSIONAL HEARING HRG-1952-SJS-0024, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws; Committee on the Judiciary, "Testimony of Frances Yuan and Col. Ve-Shen Hsiang", Hearing Dates: Jul. 1, 10, 1952; Senate Sudoc Number: Y4.J89/2:Y9/3; Length: 61 pp.; Legacy CIS Number: 87 S1543-3.
  43. ↑ "Mexico Holds Mow At Chiang Request", New York Times, Thursday, August 14, 1952, p. 2.
  44. ↑ "La Detencion de Teo Mow: Los E. Unidos Solicitaron la Extradicion de ese General Chino," El Siglo de Torreon, Agosto 14, 1952, pp. 1, 9
  45. ↑ "El Gral. Pang Tsu Mow fue a dar a la Penitenciaria," El Siglo de Torreon, Domingo, Agosto 17, 1952, p. 9
  46. ↑ "Chinese On Fund Count," Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW, Australia), Saturday, August 23, 1952, p. 1.
  47. 1 2 "General Mow," by Enriquez, Jueves, El Siglo de Torreon, Octubre 30, 1952, p. 4.
  48. ↑ "Wire tap probe turns to vast blackmail ring," Chicago Tribune, Friday, March 18, 1949, p. 8.
  49. ↑ "Wire Tapping Expert Gets 2 to 4 Year Term in N.Y.," Chicago Tribune, Jan 14, 1950, part 1, p. 3.
  50. ↑ "Secrets of an Assassin," by Isaac Don Levine, LIFE Magazine, Sep 28, 1959, p. 122
  51. ↑ "Mow grew carrots and set tight on the missing millions," The Sydney Morning Herald, Feb 27, 1955, p. 47.
  52. ↑ "Diplomacy In Cuckoo Land," The Washington Post, Sept. 4, 1951,p. 8.
  53. ↑ "Let's Turn The Light On China," Editorial, St. Petersburg Times, Sep 14, 1951, p. 8
  54. ↑ "Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937-1945," by Rana Mitter, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 1st edition (September 10, 2013), ISBN 061889425X
  55. ↑ "The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War," by David Halberstam, Hachette Books (September 25, 2007), ISBN 1401300529
  56. ↑ "Liberals use any club to discredit Nationalist China," by Geraldine Fitch, Saturday Evening Post, March 23, 1957, Vol. 229, Issue 38, p.10
  57. ↑ "Accused Aide's Kin Back In Red China," New York Times, March 2, 1952, pp. 1&4.
  58. ↑ "Pearson Asserts Chiang Fired General Who Bared Corruption," Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), December 23, 1951, p. 4.
  59. ↑ "Madame Chiang Tried to Stop Boodle; Well-Meant Try Gets Wrong Man Fired," by Drew Pearson, Santa Fe New Mexican, January 2, 1952, p.5.
  60. ↑ "Cables Show Chiang's War Effort," by Drew Pearson, The Washington Post, June 4, 1952, p. 35.
  61. ↑ "Empty Deposit Box," by Drew Pearson, St. Petersburg Times, October 31, 1953, p.6.
  62. ↑ "Tourism in Mexico," by Drew Pearson, Joplin Globe, December 7, 1958, p. 6D
  63. ↑ "Westbrook Pegler Reveals: Pearson Link to Chinese General," The Milwaukee Sentinel, February 19, 1953, p. 16.
  64. ↑ "Lawyer Threatens Pearson Hatchet in Case of China's Missing 7 Million," by Westbrook Pegler, Madison Wisconsin State Journal, February 19, 1953, p. 4.
  65. ↑ "Link Pearson's Lawyer with Missing China Cash," by Westbrook Pegler, Norwalk Reflector Herald (Ohio), February 19, 1953, p. 3.
  66. 1 2 "Extradicion de Gral. Chiw," El Siglo de Torreon, Miercoles, Mayo 25, 1955, p. 1.
  67. ↑ "Mexico releases Chinese Ex-Aid; Mow, Once Air Mission Head, Gets Refugee Status, After Lengthy Imprisonment," New York Times, Wed May 25, 1955, p. 10.
  68. ↑ "Gen. Mow Freed by Mexico," The Washington Post and Times Herald, Wed May 25, 1955, p. 6.
  69. ↑ "Mexico Frees Chiang Ex-Aid in Fund Probe: Chicagoan Tells of Getting Bills," Chicago Daily Tribune, Wed May 25, 1955, p. 1.
  70. ↑ "El General Chino Pang, en Libertad," La Vanguardia (Spain), May 26, 1955, p. 12.
  71. ↑ "Mow Ordered To Pay Formosa $6,368,503," New York Times, June 22, Tuesday, 1954, p. 5.
  72. ↑ "Chiang's China wins 6 Million from General," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 22, Tuesday, 1954, p. 14.
  73. ↑ "CABLES IN BRIEF: $6m. Judgment By U.S. Court," The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA, Australia), Thursday, June 24, 1954, p. 7.
  74. ↑ “U. S. Court Award to KMT," The Times of India (New Delhi, India), Thursday, June 24, 1954, p. 11.
  75. ↑ "U. S. Appeals Court Rules Against Mow", New York Times, Friday, July 1, 1955, p. 5
  76. ↑ http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/pang-tsu-mow-republic-china-appellee-36650687
  77. ↑ http://openjurist.org/225/f2d/543/pang-tsu-mow-v-republic-of-china
  78. ↑ "Chiang Regime Wins $810,000 Recovery Suit," Chicago Daily Tribune, 1956, August 7, p. A9.
  79. ↑ "Formosa Regime Given Judgment for $810,000: Court Rules Against Chinese Merchant Accused of $5,598,899 Embezzlement Role," Los Angeles Times, 1956, August 7, p. A6.
  80. ↑ "Two Missing U. S. Bonds Turn Up," Florence Morning News (Florence, SC), May 25, 1955, p. 10.
  81. ↑ "TRACE CHINESE HOARD HERE: Trail Leads From Mexico to Chicagoan -Find $200,000 in Treasury Notes", Chicago Daily Tribune, May 24, 1955, p. 1.
  82. ↑ "U.S. Judge Halts Cashing $Million Note," Long Beach Independent (Long Beach, CA), Wed. January 25, 1956, p. 2.
  83. ↑ Blog on xuite.net (in Chinese)
  84. ↑ 孙立人，毛邦初及其他 - 来自: 顾维钧回忆录 第八分册的评论 (Wellington Koo Memoirs, Volume 8, by Liu Delin, Yuan Press: Zhonghua, 1989, ISBN 7101001653)
  85. 1 2 毛邦初 让蒋介石颜面扫地的侄子 2015年05月18日 (Chinese TV on May 15, 2015)
  86. 1 2 "Back to His Future," by Evelyn Iritani, Los Angeles Times, September 28, 1997
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 Riches from Rags, by H Y Nahm, GOLDSEA | ASIAN MONEY WORKS
  88. ↑ "Pang Tsu Mow and Ve Shuen Hslang, Petitioners, V. Republic of China. U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record with Supporting Pleadings", Irene Kennedy, Chauncey Belknap, U.S. Supreme Court Records, Oct 28, 2011 - 54 page.
  89. ↑ "U.S. top court backs Obama, invalidates Jerusalem passport law," by Lawrence Hurley, REUTER-Politics, Monday, Jun 8, 2015.
  90. ↑ "The Jerusalem Passport Case," The New York Times, June 9, 2015, p. A22.
  91. ↑ 348 U.S. 356, 75 S.Ct. 423, 99 L.Ed. 389, The NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK, Petitioner, v. The REPUBLIC OF CHINA et al., No. 30., Argued Nov. 9, 1954. Decided March 7, 1955. Rehearing Denied April 18, 1955.
  92. ↑ 208 F.2d 627, REPUBLIC OF CHINA et al. v. NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK, No. 44, Docket 22773. United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit. Argued November 10, 1953. Decided December 8, 1953.
  93. ↑ 225 F.2d 543, PANG-TSU-MOW et al., Appellants, v. REPUBLIC OF CHINA, Appellee. No. 12391. United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit. Argued April 28, 1955. Decided June 30, 1955.
  94. ↑ Court-Listener Webpage
  95. ↑ "Sovereign Debt: Genesis - Restructuring - Litigation," by Mauro Megliani, Springer; 2015 edition (November 22, 2014), ISBN 1401300529
  96. ↑ International Law Reports (Volume 22), by Hersch Lauterpacht, Cambridge University Press (January 1, 1994), ISBN 052146367X, p. 532
  97. ↑ "Aces of the Republic of China Air Force", by Raymond Cheung, http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=936
  98. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Back to His Future," by Evelyn Iritani September 28, 1997
  99. ↑ VC Mow, "How to Succeed in America as a Chinese Researcher: A personal journey from the abyss to day light," Plenary Honorary Lecture at the International Chinese Hard Tissue Society (ICHTC) Meeting, Washington, DC, February 20, 2005.
  100. ↑ "Mow Family Ties Run Deep at Rensselaer," Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Alumni Magazine, Summer 2005.
  101. ↑ Classmates Webpage
  102. ↑ Donald Mow Obituary on obitsforlife.com
  103. ↑ William C.W. Mow articles in the LA Times
  104. ↑ "Bugle Boy to Battle on New Fronts : The firm's founder overcame personal and business woes to build a top clothing firm. : Now his company aims for new markets." by Barry Stavro, Los Angeles Times, August 08, 1989.
  105. ↑ Riverdale Country School - Board of Trustees
  106. ↑ Purdue Engineering Awards Webpage
  107. ↑ "The Ticker - Bugle Boy Files For Bankruptcy". New York Daily News. The Associated Press. February 3, 2001
  108. ↑ Riverdale Country School History - see Entry #17
  109. ↑ "Discord Over Dean Rocks Columbia Engineering School," New York Times, December 8, 2011, p. A30.
  110. ↑ "SEAS Tenured Faculty Vote No-Confidence Peña-Mora, Prof Says," Columbia Spectator, May 18, 2012.
  111. ↑ 新华网：抗战"驼峰"航线资料落户北京航空馆, ("Hump Route Data Located in Beijing Aviation Museum," July 15, 2005)
  112. ↑ 二战期间"驼峰航线"资料及部分文物落户北航, ("World War II Hump Information at Beijing Aviation Museum," NETEASE News, July 16, 2005)
  113. ↑ 二戰期間"駝峰航線"資料落戶北航 , 2005年07月18日12:23 (Webpage of Notable Military People in China)
  114. ↑ Republic of China Air Force Museum
  115. ↑ California State University at Chico Scholarship Webpage
  116. ↑ Transparent California Retirement Webpage
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