Shared source

"Shared source" is an umbrella term covering some of Microsoft's legal mechanisms for software source code distribution. Microsoft's Shared Source Initiative, launched in May 2001,[1] includes a spectrum of technologies and licenses. Most of its source code offerings are available for download after eligibility criteria are met.

The licenses associated with the offerings range from being closed-source,[2][3] allowing only viewing of the code for reference, to allowing it to be modified and redistributed for both commercial and non-commercial purposes.

Overview

Shared source programs allow individuals and organizations to access Microsoft's source code for reference (e.g. when developing complementary systems), for review and auditing from a security perspective (mostly wanted by some large corporations and governments), and for development (academic institutions, OEMs, individual developers).

As part of the framework, Microsoft released 5 licenses for general use. Two of them, Microsoft Public License and Microsoft Reciprocal License, have been approved by the Open Source Initiative as open source licenses[4][5] and are regarded by the Free Software Foundation as free software licenses.[6] Other shared source licenses are proprietary, and thus allow the copyright holder to retain tighter control over the use of their product.

Microsoft's Shared Source Initiative has been imitated by other companies such as RISC OS Open Ltd.[7]

Microsoft also uses specific licenses for some of their products, for example the Shared Source CLI License[8] and the Microsoft Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Shared Source License.[9]

Criticism

Two specific shared source licenses are interpreted as free software and open source licenses by FSF and OSI. However, former OSI president Michael Tiemann considers the phrase "Shared Source" itself to be a marketing term created by Microsoft. He argues that it is "an insurgent term that distracts and dilutes the Open Source message by using similar-sounding terms and offering similar-sounding promises".[10]

Open-source licenses

Two Microsoft Shared Source Licenses are considered as open source by the Open Source Initiative[11] and free by the Free Software Foundation.[6]

Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

This is the least restrictive of the Microsoft licenses and allows for distribution of compiled code for either commercial or non-commercial purposes under any license that complies with the Ms-PL. Redistribution of the source code itself is permitted only under the Ms-PL.[12] Initially titled Microsoft Permissive License, it was renamed to Microsoft Public License while being reviewed for approval by the Open Source Initiative (OSI).[13] The license was approved on October 12, 2007, along with the Ms-RL.[11] According to the Free Software Foundation, it is a free software license but not compatible with the GNU GPL.[6]

Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)

This Microsoft license allows for distribution of derived code so long as the modified source files are included and retain the Ms-RL.[14] The Ms-RL allows those files in the distribution that do not contain code originally licensed under Ms-RL to be licensed according to the copyright holder's choosing. This is similar, but not the same as the CDDL, EPL or LGPL (GPL with a typical "linking exception"). Initially known as the Microsoft Community License, it was renamed during the OSI approval process.

On December 9, 2005, the Ms-RL license was submitted to the Open Source Initiative for approval by John Cowan.[15] OSI then contacted Microsoft and asked if they wanted OSI to proceed. Microsoft replied that they did not wish to be reactive and that they needed time to review such a decision.[16]

At the O'Reilly Open Source Convention in July 2007, Bill Hilf, director of Microsoft's work with open source projects, announced that Microsoft had formally submitted Ms-PL and Ms-RL to OSI for approval.[17] It was approved on October 12, 2007, along with the Ms-PL.[11] According to the Free Software Foundation, it is a free software license but not compatible with the GNU GPL.[6]

Restricted licenses

The other Microsoft Shared Source Licenses have various limitations that make them non-Open Source according to the Open Source Initiative and non-Free to the Free Software Foundation.

Microsoft Reference Source License (Ms-RSL)

This is the most restrictive of the Microsoft Shared Source licenses. The source code is made available to view for reference purposes only, mainly to be able to view Microsoft classes source code while debugging.[18] Developers may not distribute or modify the code for commercial or non-commercial purposes.[19] The license has previously been abbreviated Ms-RL, but Ms-RL now refers to the Microsoft Reciprocal License.[14]

Microsoft Limited Public License (Ms-LPL)

This is a version of the Microsoft Public License in which rights are only granted to developers of Microsoft Windows-based software.[20] This license is not open source, as defined by the OSI, because the restriction limiting use of the software to Windows violates the stipulation that open-source licenses must be technology-neutral.[21] It is also considered to be non-free by the Free Software Foundation due to this restriction.[6]

Microsoft Limited Reciprocal License (Ms-LRL)

This is a version of the Microsoft Reciprocal License in which rights are only granted when developing software for a Microsoft Windows platform.[22] Like the Ms-LPL, this license is not open source because it is not technology-neutral[21] due to its restriction that licensed software must be used on Windows, and is also not considered free by the Free Software Foundation due to this restriction.[6]

Notable shared source programs and projects

Non-free licenses

The following projects are under a shared source license, but are neither free software according to the Free Software Foundation,[6] nor OSI-approved open source.

Microsoft Enterprise Source Licensing Program

Microsoft gives enterprise customers viewing access to some parts of some versions of the Microsoft Windows operating systems. The ESLP license agreement is among the most restrictive of the licenses associated with shared source programs, allowing no modifications of the code.

Microsoft Windows Academic Program

The Windows Academic Program provides universities worldwide with concepts, Windows kernel source code, and projects useful for integrating core Windows kernel technologies into teaching and research.

Microsoft Government Security Program

The Microsoft Government Security Program is an effort to assist national governments in evaluating the security of Windows and of other Microsoft products. Participating governments have access to the source code for current versions of Windows and Windows service packs, Windows Embedded CE, and Microsoft Office.[23]

Most Valuable Professionals Source Licensing Program

Through this program, Microsoft makes Windows source code available to members of their "Most Valuable Professional" program. MVPs are members of the developer and support community who have made significant public, volunteer contributions, primarily through participation in online forums. The MVP Source Licensing Program allows licensees to use the source code for debugging and support purposes, though it may not be used to aid in the development of a commercial product.[24]

Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure

The first widely distributed Shared Source program was Shared Source CLI, the Shared Source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure. The licensing permits non-commercial modification and distribution of the source code, as long as all distributions include the original license, or one encompassing the original terms.[25]

Free licenses

The following projects are under a specific shared source license which is considered free software according to the Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative.

ASP.Net AJAX Control Toolkit

The ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit is a set of controls and extenders that use AJAX technologies to enable developers to improve the client experience on their web sites. The toolkit is licensed under the Microsoft Public license (MS-PL) and is available on CodePlex, Microsoft’s online community development portal for collaborative software development projects.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Geekzone: Microsoft announces expansion of Shared Source Initiative
  2. ↑ "Open vs. Closed Source Software". scienceinafrica.co.za. January 2004.
  3. ↑ "ZDNet Definition for: Closed Source". ZDNet. Proprietary software owned by one organization. The term is typically used only in discussions that contrast open source software with proprietary software
  4. ↑ Ms-PL
  5. ↑ Ms-RL
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Licenses - Free Software Foundation".
  7. ↑ RISC OS Open
  8. ↑ "Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure License".
  9. ↑ Microsoft Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Shared Source License Terms (“License”)
  10. ↑ Michael Tiemann (2007-11-11). "Who Is Behind "Shared Source" Misinformation Campaign?". Retrieved 2011-03-12. Shared source is a marketing term created and controlled by Microsoft. Shared source is not open source by another name. Shared source is an insurgent term that distracts and dilutes the Open Source message by using similar-sounding terms and offering similar-sounding promises. And to date, 'shared source' has been a marketing dud as far as Open Source is concerned.
  11. 1 2 3 "OSI Approves Microsoft License Submissions". 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2013-08-08. Acting on the advice of the License Approval Chair, the OSI Board today approved the Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL) and the Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL). The decision to approve was informed by the overwhelming (though not unanimous) consensus from the open source community that these licenses satisfied the 10 criteria of the Open Source definition, and should therefore be approved.
  12. ↑ "Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)".
  13. ↑ Foley, Mary. "Microsoft gets the open-source licensing nod from the OSI". ZDNet. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  14. 1 2 "Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)".
  15. ↑ John Cowan (2005-12-09). "For Approval: Microsoft Community License". license-discuss mailing list.
  16. ↑ Peter Galli (2006-08-22). "Blogger Can't Tempt Microsoft To Drink OSI Kool-Aid". eWeek.
  17. ↑ Tim O'Reilly (2007-07-26). O'Reilly "Microsoft to Submit Shared Source Licenses to OSI" Check |url= value (help). O'Reilly Radar.
  18. ↑ "Microsoft Reference Source License". Microsoft. 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-07-06. "Reference use" means use of the software within your company as a reference, in read only form, for the sole purposes of debugging your products, maintaining your products, or enhancing the interoperability of your products with the software, and specifically excludes the right to distribute the software outside of your company.
  19. ↑ "Microsoft Reference Source License".
  20. ↑ "Microsoft Limited Public License (Ms-LPL)".
  21. 1 2 "The Open Source Definition". Open Source Initiative.
  22. ↑ "Microsoft Limited Reciprocal License (Ms-LRL)".
  23. ↑ "Government Security Program". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  24. ↑ "Most Valuable Professionals Source Licensing Program". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  25. ↑ As written in the license, examples of commercial purposes would be running business operations, licensing, leasing, or selling the Software, or distributing the Software for use with commercial products
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