Muconic acid

trans,trans-Muconic acid^[1][2]

Names
IUPAC name (2E,4E)-Hexa-2,4-dienedioic acid
Other names (E,E)-Muconic acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	3588-17-8
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:27036
ChemSpider	4512358
ECHA InfoCard	100.020.659
EC Number	222-724-8
PubChem	5356793
InChI InChI=1S/C6H6O4/c7-5(8)3-1-2-4-6(9)10/h1-4H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/b3-1+,4-2+ Key: TXXHDPDFNKHHGW-ZPUQHVIOSA-N InChI=1/C6H6O4/c7-5(8)3-1-2-4-6(9)10/h1-4H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/b3-1+,4-2+ Key: TXXHDPDFNKHHGW-ZPUQHVIOBF
SMILES OC(\C=C/C=C\C(O)=O)=O
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H6O4
Molar mass	142.11 g·mol^−1
Appearance	Crystalline prisms
Density	1.366 g/mL
Melting point	194 to 195 °C (381 to 383 °F; 467 to 468 K) (cis,cis-form, prisms from ethanol), 301 °C (trans,trans-form, prisms from water), 190–191 °C (cis,trans-form, needles from hot water)[3]
Boiling point	345 °C (653 °F; 618 K)
Solubility in water	1 g/L
Hazards
Main hazards	Irritant
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is  ?)
Infobox references

Muconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. There are three isomeric forms designated trans,trans-muconic acid, cis,trans-muconic acid, and cis,cis-muconic acid which differ by the geometry around the double bonds.

trans,trans	cis,trans	cis,cis

trans,trans-Muconic acid is a metabolite of benzene in humans. The determination of its concentration in urine is therefore used as a biomarker of occupational or environmental exposure to benzene.^[4][5] Synthetically, trans,trans-muconic acid can be prepared from adipic acid.^[6]

cis,cis-Muconic acid is produced by some bacteria by the enzymatic degradation of various aromatic chemical compounds.

The bioproduction of muconic acid is of interest because of its potential use as a platform chemical for the production of several valuable consumer bioplastics including nylon-6,6, polyurethane, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).^[7]

See also

• Dicarboxylic acid
• 2-Aminomuconic acid

Notes

1. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 6210
2. trans,trans-Muconic acid at Sigma-Aldrich
3. Merck Index, 12th Edition (1996), 6381, p.1079
4. Wiwanitkit V, Soogarun S, Suwansaksri J (2007). "A correlative study on red blood cell parameters and urine trans, trans-muconic acid in subjects with occupational benzene exposure". Toxicologic pathology. 35 (2): 268–9. doi:10.1080/01926230601156278. PMID 17366320.
5. Weaver VM, Davoli CT, Heller PJ, et al. (1996). "Benzene exposure, assessed by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, in urban children with elevated blood lead levels". Environ. Health Perspect. Brogan &#38. 104 (3): 318–23. doi:10.2307/3432891. JSTOR 3432891. PMC 1469300. PMID 8919771.
6. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 3, p.623 (1955); Vol. 26, p.57 (1946). Online copy
7. Curran KA, Leavitt JM, Karim AS, Alper HS. "Metabolic engineering of muconic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.". Metab. Eng. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.003. PMID 23164574.