List of animal names
"Young animal" redirects here. For the manga magazine, see Young Animal (magazine). For DC Comics imprint, see Young Animal (DC Comics). For names applied to people, see Animal epithet.
Many animals, particularly domesticated, have been given specific names for males, females, young, and groups.
The best known source of many of the bizarre words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Dame Juliana Berners.[1]
Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]
Generic terms
The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.
Animal | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Trivial name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock | avian | bird |
Bovidae | calf | cow (bred), heifer (not bred) | bull, ox or steer (castrated) | herd | bovine | cattle; cows |
Canidae | puppy, pup,[5] cub | bitch | dog | pack | canine | dog |
Equidae | colt (male), filly (female), foal | jenny (asses), mare (other equids) | jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) | herd | equine | horse |
Felidae | kitten, cub | queen | tom | clowder | feline | cat |
Osteichthyes | fry, fingerling | ? | ? | school, shoal | piscine, ichthyic | bony fish |
Terms by species or taxon
Animal | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Culinary noun for meat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | ||||||
Aardvark | cub | sow | boar | N/A | orycteropodian | |
Albatross | chick | N/A | N/A | flock[6] rookery[7] gam (when searching for mates)[8] | ? | |
Alligator | hatchling | cow | bull | congregation[9] | eusuchian | |
Alpaca | cria | ? | ? | herd | camelid | |
Ant | larva pupa | queen (fertile) worker soldier | drone | army[10] bike[10] colony[10][11] nest[9] swarm[10] | formic myrmicine | |
Anteater | pup | sow | boar | N/A | ? | |
Antelope | calf[12] | doe | buck | herd[10][13] cluster[10][13] tribe[10][13] | alcelaphine bubaline antilopine | |
Ape | infant | N/A | N/A | shrewdness[2][9][13][14] troop[9][10][13] | simian | |
Armadillo | pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | cingulatan | |
Ass/donkey | foal | jenny | jack | herd[10] coffle[10][13] drove[9][10][13] pace[10][11][13] | asinine | |
B | ||||||
Baboon | infant | N/A | ? | flange[15][note 1] troop[2][9][15] | ? | |
Badger | cub kit | sow | boar | cete[2][9][11][15] colony[15] | musteline | |
Barracuda | ? | ? | ? | school[16] | percesocine | |
Bat | pup | N/A | N/A | cloud[15][17] colony[11][15] flock[18] | pteropine noctillionine | |
Bear (list) | cub[19] | sow she-bear | boar | sleuth[9][11][15] sloth[9][11][15] | ursine | |
Beaver | kit kitten pup | N/A | N/A | family[9] colony[9][15] | castoridine | |
Bee | larva pupa | queen worker [note 2] | drone | cast (a second swarm)[15] cluster (of workers around the queen)[15] colony[15] drift[2][15] erst[2][15] grist[9][15] hive[2][9][15] nest[9] rabble[15] stand[15] swarm[2][9][15] | apic apian apiarian | |
Bird (list) Also see Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock[2] flight[2] pod[2] | avian | |
Bison | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine bubaline | |
Boar (wild pig) Also see Pig | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow | ? | herd[15][20] singular[9][20] Groups of 12 or more sounder[9][20] | ? | |
Buffalo, African (for American buffalo, see Bison) | calf | cow, heifer | bull | herd[9][11][15] troop[9] gang[9][11][15] obstinancy[9][11][15] | ? | |
Butterfly | caterpillar larva pupa chrysalis | ? | ? | flight[15] flutter[9] rabble[15] | pieridine pierine lepidopteran | |
C | ||||||
Camel | calf | cow | bull | caravan[9] flock[9] herd train[9] | camelid cameline | |
Caribou | calf | doe | buck | herd | rangiferine | |
Cassowary | hatchling chick | ? | ? | N/A | ratite | |
Cat (list) | kitten kit | molly queen pussy | tom gib (castrated male)[21] | clowder[2][9] cluster[9] clutter[22] glaring[2][9] pounce[9] kindle (kittens)[23] litter (kittens) | feline | |
Caterpillar | ? | ? | ? | army[9][24] | ? | |
Cattle[note 3] (list) | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull | herd[9] drove[9] yoke (oxen) team (oxen) | bovine[note 4] taurine (male) vaccine (female) vituline (young) | beef veal |
Chamois | calf | doe | bull | herd | rupicaprine | |
Cheetah | cub | ? | ? | coalition (male)[27] | ? | |
Chicken (list) | chick | hen pullet | rooster cock cockerel capon (castrated male) | flock brood[9] peep (chicks)[9] clutch (eggs) | galline | poultry |
Chimpanzee | infant | empress | blackback | ? | panine | |
Chinchilla | kit | velvet sow | boar bull | ? | chinchilline | |
Chough | chick | ? | ? | chattering[2][14][28] clattering[2][14][29] | corvine | |
Coati | pup kit | sow | boar | troop | nasuine | |
Cobra | ? | ? | ? | quiver[30] | elapid | |
Cockroach | nymph | ? | ? | intrusion[30] | blattid | |
Cod | codling | ? | ? | school | gadoid gadine | |
Cormorant | chick shaglet | ? | ? | gulp[9][11][30] flight | ? | |
Coyote | pup puppy cub whelp | bitch | dog | pack | canine | |
Crab | N/A | hen jenny | cock jimmy | ? | cancrine | |
Crane | chick colt[31] | ? | ? | herd sedge[11] sege[32] siege[33] | alectorine | |
Crocodile | hatchling | cow | bull | bask[9] congregation float[9] nest | crocodilian | |
Crow | ? | ? | ? | murder[2][9] | corvine | |
Curlew | ? | ? | ? | herd[2][14] | ? | |
D | ||||||
Deer | calf[12] fawn | doe hind cow[12] | buck stag bull[12] hart (red deer) | bunch[34] herd[34] mob[34] rangale[34] | cervine elaphine | venison humble (organ meat) |
Dinosaur (list) | hatchling juvenile | cow | bull | herd (herbivores) pack (carnivores) | dinosaurian | |
Dog (list) | pup[5] puppy whelp[35] | bitch | dog stud sire | pack (wild)[11][34] kennel[34] mute[11] litter (young)[36] cowardice (curs)[11][37] comedy (boxers)[38][39] cry (hounds)[40] | canine | |
Dogfish Also see Shark | ? | ? | ? | troop[34] | selachian squaloid | Spiny dogfish capeshark (USA) flake (UK, AUS) huss (UK) kahada (CAN)[41] rigg (UK) rock salmon (UK) |
Dolphin | calf pup | cow | bull | school[34] pod herd team[34] | delphine | |
Donkey (list)- See Ass | ||||||
Dotterel | ? | ? | ? | trip[2][11] | ? | |
Dove | chick | hen | cock | arc[9] cote dole[2][34] dule[9][34] flight[2][9][34] piteousness[2][34] pitying[9] | columbine | |
Dragonfly | nymph | queen | king drake | cluster flight | anisopteran | |
Duck (list) Also see Mallard | duckling | duck hen | drake | On land flock herd badling[11] brace[11] safe[2] sord[34] sore[34] waddling[34] On water bunch[2][34] paddling[2][34] raft[2][34] In flight skein[34] string[34] team[11][34] | anatine fuliguline | poultry |
Dugong | calf | cow | bull | herd | dugongine | |
Dunlin | chick | ? | ? | fling[2] | ? | |
E | ||||||
Eagle | eaglet fledgling | N/A | N/A | convocation[9][11] | aquiline | |
Echidna | puggle (in common use, but not scientifically endorsed) | ? | ? | N/A | tachyglossine | |
Eel | leptocephalus (larva) elver (juvenile) | N/A | N/A | bed[9] swarm[9] | anguilline | |
Eland | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
Elephant | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull[42] | herd memory[9] | elephantine proboscine proboscidean | |
Elephant seal | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | miroungan | |
Elk (wapiti) | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12] | gang[9] herd[9] | cervine | venison |
Emu | chick hatchling | ? | ? | mob[9] | ? | |
F | ||||||
Falcon | eyass/eyas | falcon | tiercel tercel terzel | ? | acciptrine | |
Ferret | kit | jill | hob | busyness[14] business[9][11] | musteline | |
Finch | chick | hen | cock | charm[11] | fringilline | |
Fish (list) | fry fingerling | ? | ? | school[3] | piscine | |
Flamingo | ? | ? | ? | ? | phoenicopterine | |
Fly | maggot | ? | ? | business[9] cloud[9] swarm[9] | dipterous | |
Fox | cub[19] kit pup[5] | vixen | tod dog reynard | leash[9][11] skulk[9][11] | vulpine | |
Frog | polliwog tadpole froglet | ? | ? | army[11] | ranine | |
G | ||||||
Gaur | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine gaurine | garabeef |
Gazelle | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12] | herd | gazelline | |
Gerbil | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetine | |
Giant panda | cub | sow | boar | sleuth[43] | ailuropodine | |
Giraffe | calf | cow | bull | herd corps[44] tower[44][45] | giraffine | |
Gnat | larva | ? | ? | cloud[9][11][44] horde[9][11][44] rabble[44] swarm[9][44] | ? | |
Gnu | calf | cow | bull | herd implausibility[46] | ? | |
Goat (list) | kid | nanny doe doeling | billy buck buckling [note 5] | herd flock[44] tribe[44] trip[44] trippe[44] | caprine | chevon cabrito mutton |
Goldfinch | ? | ? | ? | charm[44] | cardueline | |
Goosander | ? | ? | ? | dopping[44] | ? | |
Goose | gosling | goose | gander | On land flock gaggle[11][44] plump[44] In flight skein[2][11][44] team[2][44] wedge[2][44] | anatine anserine | poultry |
Gorilla | infant | N/A | blackback silverback | band[9][11][44] troop[9] whoop[44] | simian | |
Goshawk | ? | ? | ? | flight[14][44] | ? | |
Grasshopper | nymph | ? | ? | cloud[44] swarm[44] | caeliferian | |
Grouse | ? | ? | ? | covey[44] pack[44] | tetraonine | |
Guanaco | chulengo[47] | ? | ? | herd | camelid | |
Guinea fowl | keet | hen | cock | rasp[48] flock[49] | numidine | poultry |
Guinea pig | pup | sow | boar | herd | ? | cuy |
Gull | chick | hen | cock | colony flock | larine | |
H | ||||||
Hamster | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetid | |
Hare | leveret | doe jill | buck jack | band down[50] drove[50] flick[50] husk[50] | leverine leporine | |
Hawk | eyas | hen | tiercel | cast[51][note 6] aerie[51][note 7] staff[51][note 8] leash[51][note 9] flight[51][note 10] flock[51] Migrating in large groups kettle[9][51] boil[11][51] cauldron[51] | accipitrine | |
Hedgehog | hoglet piglet pup | sow | boar | array[50] | erinaceine | |
Heron | chick | hen | cock | flight[50] sedge[9][11][50] sege[32][50] siege[9][11][33][50] | ardeidine | |
Herring | ? | ? | ? | army[11][50] glean[50] shoal[50] | clupeidean | |
Hippopotamus | calf | cow | bull | bloat[9][11][50] herd[50] thunder[30] | hippopotamine | |
Hornet | larvae pupae | queen | drone | bike[50] nest[11] swarm | vespine | |
Horse (list) | foal colt (male) filly (female) gelding (castrated male) | mare dam | stallion stud | stable[9] stud[11] harras[11] herd (wild horses)[9] band (wild horses)[9] team (work horses)[9][11] rag (colts)[11] string (ponies)[11] field (racehorses) | equine | |
Hummingbird | chick | hen | cock | ? | trochiline trochilidine | |
Hyena | cub pup whelp | bitch | dog | cackle[9][11] | hyenine | |
I | ||||||
Ibex | kid | nanny | billy | ? | ? | |
Ibis | chick | ? | ? | ? | threskiornithine | |
J | ||||||
Jackal | pup | ? | ? | pack | ? | |
Jaguar | cub | ? | ? | prowl[52] leap[52] | ? | |
Jay | chick | hen | cock | band[9] party[11] scold[11] | corvine | |
Jellyfish | planula polyp ephyra[53] | sow | boar | bloom brood[9] fluther[2] smack[2][11] smuth[7] | scyphozoan | |
K | ||||||
Kangaroo | joey | flyer doe jill roo | boomer buck jack | court herd troop[11] mob[54] | macropodine | |
Kinkajou | pup kit | sow | boar | troop convergence | potosine | |
Koala | joey | doe | buck | ? | phascolarctine | |
Komodo dragon | hatchling chick calf | cow hen | bull cock | ? | varanine | |
Kouprey | calf | cow | bull | herd | sauveline bovine | |
Kudu | calf | cow | bull | herd | tragelaphine | |
L | ||||||
Lapwing | chick | ? | ? | deceit[11][14] desert[2] | vanelline | |
Lark | chick | hen | cock | exaltation[2][14] | alaudine | |
Lemur | infant | ? | ? | conspiracy[55] | lemurine | |
Leopard | cub | leopardess | leopard | leap[2][9][11] lepe[2] | pardine | |
Lion | cub[19] | lioness | lion | pride sawt | leonine | |
Llama | cria | ? | ? | herd flock | camelid | |
Lobster | ? | hen[3] | cock[3] | ? | homarine | |
Locust (list) | nymph | N/A | N/A | cloud host swarm | caelifera | |
Loris | infant | colony[56] | lorisine[57] | |||
Louse | nymph | N/A | N/A | colony | pediculine | |
Lyrebird | chick | hen | cock | ? | menurine | |
M | ||||||
Magpie | chick | hen | cock | flock | garruline | |
Mallard Also see Duck | duckling | hen | greenhead[58] | sord[2] suit[2] | anatine | poultry |
Mammoth | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | mammutine | |
Manatee | calf | cow | bull | herd | manatine sirenian | |
Mandrill | infant | N/A | N/A | horde | simian | |
Mink | cub kit | sow | boar | ? | musteline | |
Mole | pup | sow | boar | ? | talpine | |
Mongoose | pup | ? | ? | troop committee delegation | herpestine | |
Monkey | infant | N/A | N/A | troop[2] | simian | |
Moose | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12][42] | herd | cervine | venison |
Mouse | kitten pup As pet food pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper[59] | doe | buck | colony nest | murine | |
Mosquito | nymph wriggler tumbler | N/A | N/A | swarm cloud | aedine anopheline | |
N | ||||||
Narwhal | calf | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
Newt | eft[60] | ? | ? | ? | pleurodeline | |
Nightingale | chick | hen | cock | flock | philomelian | |
O | ||||||
Octopus | fry | hen[61] | ? | consortium[62] | octopodine | |
Okapi | calf | cow | bull | herd | okapine | |
Opossum | joey | jill | jack | passel | didelphine | |
Ostrich | hatchling chick | hen | cock | flock troop | ratite struthious | |
Otter | pup whelp | sow | boar | ? | musteline lutrine | |
Owl | fledgling owlet | ? | ? | parliament[9] | strigine | |
Oyster | spat | ? | ? | bed[9] | ostracine | |
P | ||||||
Panther | cub | pantheress | ? | ? | pantherine | |
Parrot | chick | hen | cock | flock | psittacine | |
Panda- See Giant panda | ||||||
Partridge | chick | hen chantelle | cock | ? | perdicine | |
Peafowl | chick peachick | peahen | peacock | ? | pavonine | poultry |
Pelican | chick nestling | ? | ? | pod[9] | pelecanine | |
Penguin | chick nestling | ? | ? | waddle (on land)[63][64] raft (in water)[63] rookery[63] colony[63] huddle[63] | spheniscine | |
Pheasant | chick | hen | cock | flock bouquet[9][11] nest[11] nide[11] nye[9][11] | phasianine | |
Pig (list) Also see Boar | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow (bred), gilt (not bred)[65] | boar barrow (castrated)[66] | drift[9][11][67] drove[9][11] litter (piglets) | porcine suilline | pork ham bacon |
Pigeon (list) | squab squeaker | hen | cock | flock flight[68] kit[68] | pullastrine | squab |
Polar bear | cub | sow | boar | aurora[69] celebration[69] pack[69] | ursine | |
Pony- See Horse | ||||||
Porcupine | pup | sow | boar | prickle[68] | hystricine | |
Porpoise | calf | cow | bull | pod school shoal | phocoenine | |
Prairie dog | pup | sow | boar | town | cynomurine | |
Q | ||||||
Quail | chick | hen | cock | bevy | galliformine | |
Quelea | chick | hen | cock | flock | queline | |
Quetzal | nestling | ? | ? | flock | trogonine | |
R | ||||||
Rabbit (list) | bunny kit kitten nestling | doe jill | buck jack | nest litter (young) wrack (young) | leporine | |
Raccoon | cub kit | sow | boar | gaze nursery committee smack brace troop | procyonine | |
Ram Also see Sheep | lamb | ewe | ram | flock | arietine ovine | lamb mutton |
Rat (list) | kitten pup | doe cow | buck bull | colony horde | murine | |
Raven | chick | hen | cock | unkindness | corvine | |
Red deer | calf | hind | stag hart | herd | ? | venison |
Red panda | cub | sow | boar | pack | ailuirine | |
Reindeer (caribou) | calf | cow | bull | herd | rangiferine | |
Rhinoceros | calf | cow | bull | herd crash[70] | ceratorhine | |
Rook | ? | ? | ? | building[2] parliament[2][71] | ? | |
S | ||||||
Salamander | larva | ? | ? | ? | caudatan salamandrine | |
Salmon | parr[72] | hen | cock | ? | salmonine | |
Sand dollar | larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin) | ? | ? | ? | clypeasteroid | |
Sandpiper | ? | ? | ? | fling[73] | scolopacine | |
Sardine | ? | ? | ? | family [73] | ? | |
Sea lion | pup calf | cow | bull | ? | otarine | |
Sea urchin | larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin) | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
Seahorse | seafoal | seamare | seastallion | shoal | hippocampal | |
Seal | pup[5] | cow | bull | herd[73] pod[73] rookery[73] | phocine | |
Shark | cub[19] pup[74] | ? | bull | ? | selachian squaloid | flake (AUS) |
Sheep (list) Also see Ram | lamb lambkin cosset | ewe dam | ram[note 5] buck | flock fold herd | ovine | lamb mutton hoggett |
Shrew | shrewlet | sow | boar | colony drove | soricine | |
Skunk | kit | sow | boar[3] | surfeit | mephitine | |
Sloth | kitten pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | xenarthran (broader group) | |
Snail | ? | ? | ? | escargatoire[73][75] rout[73][76] walk[73] | gastropodian | escargot |
Snake (list) | snakelet hatchling (a newly hatched snake) neonate (newborn) | N/A | N/A | nest ball | anguine elapine serpentine viperine ophidian | |
Spider (list) | spiderling | ? | ? | cluster[73] clutter[73] | arachnine arachnoid | |
Squirrel | pup kit kitten | doe | buck | scurry[30] dray[68] | sciurine | |
Starling | ? | ? | ? | chattering[9][28] murmuration[2][9][11][14] | sturnine | |
Stegosaurus | ? | ? | ? | handful[77] | ||
Swan | cygnet flapper | pen | cob | flock lamentation | cygnine | |
T | ||||||
Tapir | calf | cow | bull | herd | tapirine | |
Tarsier | infant | doe | buck | herd | tarsiine | |
Termite | larva | cow | bull | colony nest swarm | isopteran | |
Tiger | cub[19] whelp | tigress | tiger | ambush[9] streak[30] | tigrine | |
Toad | tadpole toadlet | N/A | N/A | knot[9][11] | ranine batrachian | |
Turkey (list) | poult | hen | gobbler stag tom jake (immature) | rafter[78][79] | ? | poultry |
Turtle | hatchling | N/A | N/A | bale[80] | chelonian | |
U | ||||||
V | ||||||
Vicuña | calf | cow | bull | posse herd | cameline | |
W | ||||||
Wallaby | joey | jill | jack | mob | ? | |
Walrus | calf | cow | bull | herd flock | odobenine | |
Wasp | larva | queen worker | drone | swarm hive colony nest | vespine | |
Water buffalo | calf | cow | bull | ? | ? | carabeef |
Weasel | pup kit | bitch doe jill | buck dog hub jack | gang[13] sneak[13] | musteline | |
Whale | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull | pod school | cetacean cetaceous | blubber |
Wolf | pup[5] puppy cub whelp | bitch she-wolf | dog | pack | lupine canine | |
Wolverine | kit whelp | angeline | wolverine | pack | musteline | |
Wombat | joey | jill | jack | peregrine | ? | |
Wren | chick | cow | bull | ? | troglodytine | |
X | ||||||
Y | ||||||
Yak | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
Z | ||||||
Zebra | colt foal | mare | stallion | herd[9][81] cohort[81] dazzle [82] zeal[9][81] | zebrine hippotigrine |
See also
Notes
- ↑ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
- ↑ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
- ↑ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
- ↑ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
- 1 2 A castrated male sheep or goat is a wether. See sheep for more names.
- ↑ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
References
- ↑ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Dictionary.com Animal Names".
- ↑ "Merriam Webster Dictionary".
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Pup"
- ↑ National Geographic Animals: Albatross http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross/
- 1 2 Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms ().
- ↑ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 "San Diego Zoo". archived copy of Animal group names. Zoological Society of San Diego. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "AskOxford: A". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology By Valerius Geist, 1998, ISBN 0-8117-0496-3
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Beat about the Bush: Mammals, by Trevor Carnaby, published by Jacana Media, January 1, 2008, page 362. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Berners, Dame Juliana (1881) [First published 1486]. The Boke of Saint Albans. Introduction by William Blades (reproduction ed.). London: Elliot Stock. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
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- ↑ Thomson, Donald A. (2000). "school+of+barracuda" Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez : the rocky-shore fishes of the Gulf of California (Rev. ed., 1st University of Texas Press ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-292-78155-9.
- ↑ Campbell, Charles A.R. (2002). "cloud+of+bats" Bats, mosquitoes and dollars. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-89875-932-7.
- ↑ Brown, Michael J. (1997). "flock+of+bats" Durio, a bibliographic review. New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Office for South Asia. p. 62. ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Cub"
- 1 2 3 Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Porcine Precision: A Sounder of Swine". Retrieved 2014-05-13.
- ↑ Gib Definition 2
- ↑ "AskOxford: C". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ↑ Definition of kindle by the Free Online Dictionary
- ↑ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Suburban Pests & Biblical Plagues: An Army of Caterpillars". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- 1 2 3 "Calf"
- 1 2 3 "Cow"
- ↑ Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2.
- 1 2 Definition of Chattering by the Free Online Dictionary
- ↑ Definition of Clattering by the Free Online Dictionary
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Universe in Your Pocket by Joel Levy, published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.
- ↑ Gray, p. 594
- 1 2 Definition of Sege by the Free Online Dictionary
- 1 2 Definition of Siege by the Free Online Dictionary
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "AskOxford: D". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ↑ "Whelp | Definition of whelp by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ American Kennel Club. "Learn - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ "cowardice of curs". Metaphordogs.org. 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ American Kennel Club (2014-10-30). "Boxer Dog Breed Information - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ "The Boxer Dog - Energetic Comedian". The-puppy-dog-place.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ "Cry - definition of cry by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ "Shark utilization, marketing and trade". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- 1 2 "Bull"
- ↑ Munroe, Susan (2013). "Giant Pandas at the Toronto Zoo". Canada Onlibe. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
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- ↑ Handley, Julia (2010). "tower+of+giraffes" Little things. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4520-6170-2.
- ↑ Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Whence the Wildebeest: An Implausibility of Gnus". Retrieved 2014-04-27.
- ↑ "Species Profile: Guanaco". Concervación Patagonia.
- ↑ Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press.
- ↑ Mobley, Jason A. (2009). "guinea+fowl"+flock Birds of the world. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-7614-7775-4.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "AskOxford: H". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Cast and Let Fly: A Kettle of Hawks". Retrieved 2014-05-06.
- 1 2 Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ International Wildlife Encyclopedia By Robert Burton, 2002, vol. 8, ISBN 0-7614-7266-5, p. 1322
- ↑ "Kangaroo Facts". Outback Australia Travel Guide.
- ↑ "Strange collective animal names". mnn.com. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ↑ Bradley Trevor Greive, Mitsuaki Iwago (2003). Priceless : the vanishing beauty of a fragile planet. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7407-2695-8.
- ↑ McArdle,, John E. (1981). Functional morphology of the hip and thigh of the lorisiformes. Basel, München [usw.]: Karger. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-8055-1767-6.
- ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company,
- ↑ See Mouse#As food
- ↑ Brockes, J.; Kumar, A. (2005). "Newts". Current Biology. 15 (2): R4244. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.049. PMID 15668151.
- ↑ "22 Octopus Facts That Are Definitely Worth Ogling". News.distractify.com. 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ "What is a group of octopus called?". Quizzes.ask.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "International Bureaucrats Agree: A Waddle of Penguins". Retrieved 2014-04-30.
- ↑ New Zealand Penguins - Frequently Asked Questions
- ↑ Gilt Definition 2
- ↑ Barrow Definition 3
- ↑ Stephanie Strom (January 20, 2014). "Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors". New York Times.
- 1 2 3 4 "Animal Groups". www.thealmightyguru.com. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
- 1 2 3 Hurst, Richard E. (2014). "Goddess of the Dawn: An Aurora of Polar Bears". Retrieved 2014-05-06.
- ↑ "Rhinoceroses - info and games". www.sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
- ↑ Lilford, F.L.S. 1894-5. Notes on the Ornithology of Northamptonshire and Neighborhood for 1893. Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Vol 8 p54.
- ↑ Definition of Parr by the Free Online Dictionary
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "AskOxford: S". archived copy of Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ↑ Florida Museum of Natural History. "Shark Biology". Retrieved 25 Jan 2014.
- ↑ Definition of Escargatoire by the Free Online Dictionary
- ↑ Simpson, J. A. (1996). The Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press. p. 1620. ISBN 0-19-861258-3.
- ↑ Cameron, R. P.; Cameron, J. A.; Barnett, S. M. (2016-11-26). "Stegosaurus chirality". arXiv:1611.08760 [q-bio].
- ↑ Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus (2003), ISBN 0316735876, ISBN 9780316735872, "Collective Names for Creatures", p. 90 (accessed 3 March 2014)
- ↑ John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."
- ↑ "Bale - definition of bale by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- 1 2 3 "AskOxford: Z". Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ↑ The dictionary definition of dazzle at Wiktionary
Further reading
- Peter Gray, "The encyclopedia of the biological sciences", 1970
- Lipton, James (1993) [1968]. An Exaltation of Larks (Ultimate ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017096-2.
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