New Mexico Supreme Court

New Mexico Supreme Court
Seal of the New Mexico Supreme Court
Established	1841
Country	New Mexico , United States
Location	Santa Fe, New Mexico
Authorized by	New Mexico Constitution
Decisions are appealed to	Supreme Court of the United States
Judge term length	8 years
Website	Official website
Chief Justice
Currently	Charles W. Daniels
Since	2016
Lead position ends	2018

New Mexico Supreme Court Building

The New Mexico Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is established and its powers defined by Article VI of the New Mexico Constitution. It is primarily an appellate court which reviews civil and criminal decisions of New Mexico's trial courts of general jurisdiction and certain specialized legislative courts, only having original jurisdiction in a limited number of actions. The New Mexico Supreme Court meets in Santa Fe, the state capital.

The court's five justices are chosen by statewide election, or appointed by the Governor if to fill a seat that has become vacant mid-term; the justices in turn choose who among them will serve as Chief Justice. The second time they face popular election, they must first pass review by a judicial standards committee, and then face a retention election in which they must receive at least 57% of the vote.

History

New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court

In 1846, what is now New Mexico was seized by the United States from Mexico at the outset of the Mexican-American War. Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny was installed as military governor at Santa Fe, and appointed Joab Houghton the first Chief Justice of New Mexico, in the provisional civilian government, with Antonio J. Otero and Charles Beaubien also serving as justices. Houghton served until 1850, when the New Mexico Territory was organized by one of the five acts of United States Congress collectively known as the Compromise of 1850.

Section 10 of the 1850 Act formally established the Supreme Court for the territory.^[1] The court consisted of a chief justice and two associate justices (later increased to five), who were appointed to four-year terms by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.^[2] The court met in a building designed by Chief Justice Houghton, which served as the courthouse until 1937.

The justices were also to each preside over a trial court within one of the territory’s three judicial districts. This resulted in a situation then common among the territorial courts, in which the Supreme Court justices would often preside over an appeal from a decision that one of them had handed down; Congress later required disqualification of the justice. The appellate and original jurisdiction of the Territorial Supreme Court was to be defined by subsequent law of the territory, though the 1850 Act provided that writs of error and appeals were to be allowed in all cases from final decisions of the District courts. The justices were given the same power to grant writs of habeas corpus as judges of the United States in the District of Columbia.

During the Civil War, portions of the territory, including Santa Fe, were briefly captured by forces of the Confederate Army in 1862. The only Chief Justice of New Mexico to be appointed under the Confederacy was Silas Hare, later to become a U.S. Congressman decades after the war. Hare resigned from the bench to become a colonel in the Confederate Army.

New Mexico Supreme Court

New Mexico became a state on January 6, 1912, and the New Mexico Supreme Court was thereafter governed by Article VI of the New Mexico Constitution.

In 1937, the New Mexico Supreme Court finally vacated the building it had occupied for its entire history, to move to a new courthouse.

In 1951, Governor Ed Mechem voluntarily adopted a merit selection system, by the use of a judicial nominating committee that would recommend candidates for appointment. Mechem’s system was used by all subsequent governors, until the appointment process was changed by constitutional amendment.

From 1911 until 1988, New Mexico had been one of a decreasing number of states using an all-partisan election system to select Supreme Court justices. On November 8, 1988, voters approved Amendment Six, which required that all justices be thereafter subject to non-partisan retention elections following their first term chosen by partisan election. The new system entered into effect on January 1, 1989.

Amendment Ten, which was approved with little public controversy in 1994, increased the percentage required for retention from a majority to 57%. In 1997, two District Court judges who lost their 1996 retention elections, along with individuals who had voted to retain them, challenged the constitutionality of the 57% requirement as invalid under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, because it diluted the votes of those who favored the retention of incumbent judges. The New Mexico Supreme Court granted certiorari and conducted oral arguments, but after a forty-minute deliberation ruled from the bench to dismiss the writ of mandamus.^[3]

A legal reform interest group called the New Mexico Alliance for Legal Reform has become active in New Mexico judicial campaigns.

In May, 2006, the New Mexico Supreme Court announced that it would assume oversight of pro bono legal work for the poor by setting up committees in court districts across New Mexico. This had been recommended by a report on equal access to justice that was authored by a court-appointed panel.^[4]

Powers and jurisdiction

The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts, typically those on appeal from the New Mexico Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court also hears direct appeals from trial courts in the three circumstances:

• Criminal cases in which the death penalty or life imprisonment is sought,
• Appeals from the Public Regulation Commission, and
• Cases involving the writ of habeas corpus.

The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction over challenged elections, and exercises supervision over all the courts of the state, including matters of attorney and judge discipline.

Court composition and selection

The New Mexico Supreme Court consists of five justices. They must be at least thirty-five years old, have actively practiced law for at least ten years, and have resided in New Mexico for at least three years immediately prior to taking the bench.^[5]

A justice is chosen for his first term by statewide, partisan election. Thereafter, that justice is subject to reelection every eight years by a non-partisan retention election. The justice must file a declaration of candidacy, and then receive 57% of the vote to be retained. If the voters do not choose to retain the justice, the seat is filled by the appointment process until the next general election.^[6]

Appointments

When a vacancy on the court occurs, a bi-partisan judicial nominating commission has thirty days to solicit, accept, and evaluate applications for the seat and then submit a list of qualified applicants to the governor. The governor then has thirty days to make an appointment.^[7]

The judicial appointee serves until the next general election, at which time a partisan election is held. The winning candidate serves out the remainder of the original term, at which time he is then subject to a nonpartisan retention election requiring a 57% affirmative vote to remain on the court. If the justice is not retained, he must vacate office on the following January 1, and the governor must again fill the vacancy by the ordinary procedures of appointment.

Whenever the governor fails to make an appointment within the prescribed thirty-day period, the Chief Justice fills the vacancy from the judicial nominating commission’s list of candidates.

Chief Justice

Every two years, the Supreme Court justices choose by majority vote one of their number who has not been appointed to the court to serve as Chief Justice.^[8] In the absence of the Chief Justice, the senior most justice present exercises his powers, with seniority being determined by the length of present continuous service on the court. If a vacancy occurs before the end of the two-year term, the justices determine an eligible justice to serve by majority vote for the remainder of that term.

The Chief Justice has the power to, when necessary, designate any Supreme Court justice or District Court judge to sit on the Court of Appeals, or designate any judge of the Court of Appeals to sit on the Supreme Court or on a District Court.^[9] Additionally, whenever the governor fails to make an appointment to any court within the prescribed thirty-day period, the Chief Justice fills the vacancy from the judicial nominating commission’s list of candidates.

Justices

Current justices

Justice	Political party	Tenure began	Term ends	Notes
Charles W. Daniels Chief Justice	Democratic	2007	2018	Appointed October 17, 2007 by Governor Richardson to complete Pamela B. Minzer's term ending December 31, 2010; won election in 2008; won retention in 2010; current term ending December 31, 2018. Previously served as Chief Justice, 2010–2012.
Petra Jimenez Maes	Democratic	1998	2018	Elected November 3, 1998 (sworn in December 3) to complete Richard E. Ransom's term ending December 31, 2002; won retention elections in 2002 and 2010; current term ends December 31, 2018. Served as first Hispanic female Chief Justice, 2003-2004.
Edward L. Chávez	Democratic	2003	2022	Appointed by Governor Richardson January 1, 2003 (sworn in March 7) to complete Gene E. Franchini's term ending December 31, 2006; elected in 2004; won retention in 2006; won retention in 2014; current term ends December 31, 2022.
Barbara J. Vigil	Democratic	2012	2020	Elected November 6, 2012; current term ends December 2020. Served as Chief Justice, 2014–2016
Judith Nakamura	Republican	2015	2016	Appointed by Governor Martinez in December 2015 to complete Richard C. Bosson's term ending December 31, 2016. Running for re-election in 2016.

Source = Justices of the Supreme Court - State of New Mexico, retrieved March 31, 2016.

Notes

1. The act establishing the territory was formally titled "An Act proposing to the State of Texas the Establishment of her Northern and Western Boundaries, the Relinquishment by the said State of all Territory claimed by her exterior to said boundaries, and of all her Claims upon the United States, and to establish a territorial Government for New Mexico."
2. Section 12 set forth this appointment power.
3. New Mexico ex rel. Salinas v. State Canvassing Bd., No. 24033 (N.M. Dec. 16, 1996)
4. Krza, Paul (May 5, 2006), NM Supreme Court backs legal aid reform plan, New Mexico Business Weekly, retrieved October 2, 2010.
5. Sec. 8. [Supreme court; qualifications of justices.] as amended, 1988
6. N.M. Const. art. VI, sec. 33.
7. N.M. Const. art. VI, § 35; art. V, § 5.
8. N.M.S.A. 34-2-1(C).
9. N.M. Const. art. VI, sec. 28.

External links

• Official site of the New Mexico Supreme Court

Coordinates: 35°41′04″N 105°56′23″W / 35.684346°N 105.93981°W