Nuclear industry in South Australia

The established nuclear industry in South Australia is focused on uranium mining, milling and the export of uranium oxide concentrate for use in the production of nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants. The state is home to the world's largest known single deposit of uranium, which is worked by BHP Billiton at the Olympic Dam mine. Contaminated legacy sites exist at Maralinga and Emu Field, where nuclear weapons tests were conducted in the 1950s and 1960s and at former uranium mines and milling sites. Nuclear waste is stored by CSIRO at Woomera and prospective future waste storage sites were earmarked during the deliberations of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission in 2016. The Commission has recommended that South Australia considers opportunities in nuclear waste storage (including developing a repository for spent nuclear fuel), the establishment of a nuclear fuel leasing scheme and the repeal of prohibitions which currently prevent future nuclear industrial development nationally.

Uranium mining

Radium Hill uranium mine (1954)

Uranium mining has occurred in South Australia, since the early 20th century, when radium was the target mineral in uranium-bearing ore. During the Cold War, the Playford government facilitated the development of the Radium Hill uranium mine and the associated Port Pirie uranium treatment complex. These closed in the early 1960s after a seven year contract of supply had been fulfilled. In the 1970s, the discovery of a massive uranium-bearing IOCG orebody near Roxby Downs led to the eventual opening of the Olympic Dam mine in 1988.^[1] In the 2000s, the sector expanded to include in-situ leach mining operations at Beverley, Four Mile and Honeymoon. As of May 2016, Beverley and Honeymoon mines are in care and maintenance mode^[2] owing to weak uranium prices in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Exploration for uranium in South Australia reached a record high in 2006 with forty companies exploring for the mineral.^[3]

Uranium export

Uranium mined in South Australia is exported, where it is used in the production of nuclear fuel for use in nuclear power plants. In 2013, uranium oxide concentrate produced in South Australia was being exported to Britain, France, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Canada and the United States.^[4] In 2011, South Australian Premier Jay Weatherill expressed his support for exporting uranium to India, despite its status as a non-signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.^[5] By December 2015, no further barriers remained preventing such trade.^[6]

Nuclear waste storage

Uncle Kevin Buzzacott in Adelaide (2014)

Kevin Scarce in Adelaide (2016)

Concentrations of nuclear waste in South Australia exist in the tailings ponds at the Olympic Dam mine, at the site of the former Port Pirie uranium treatment works and in the tailings block at the former Radium Hill mine. CSIRO operates a nuclear waste storage facility at Woomera in the state's far north. Unsuccessful attempts were made by the Howard Government to establish further nuclear waste storage facilities in South Australia between 1998 and 2004.^[7] A prospective nuclear waste storage site at Barndioota was announced in 2015.^[8] The property is owned by Grant Chapman, and the traditional owners are the Adnyamathanha.^[9]

The prospect of storing nuclear waste in the tunnels of the Olympic Dam mine has also been speculated upon by opinion writers, politicians and the community.^[10]

Support for the development of new nuclear waste storage facilities in South Australia was expressed by the Committee for Adelaide on 6 May 2016.^[11]

The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission's final report, which was delivered to the Governor of South Australia on 6 May 2016 recommended the consideration of the establishment of a repository for spent nuclear fuel in South Australia. The report was released in full on 9 May 2016.

Nuclear weapons

A series of British nuclear weapons tests were conducted at Maralinga and Emu Field during the 1950s and early 1960s. Land remains contaminated at these sites and access is restricted.

Australia has no domestic nuclear weapons nor the capability to develop them. Australia is allied with countries which do maintain nuclear arsenals. As of 2016 the Liberal-National Coalition does not support a prospective ban on the possession of nuclear weapons, while the Australian Labor Party and Australian Greens do.^[12]

Potential expansion

In 2015, a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission was initiated by the Government of South Australia. It was tasked with investigating opportunities and risks associated with potential expansion of the state's role in the nuclear fuel cycle. Commissioner Kevin Scarce delivered its final report to the Governor of South Australia on 6 May 2016. The Commission's final report recommended the repeal of prohibitions preventing nuclear industrial development in Australia, including the legalisation of nuclear power generation. The report recommended the establishment of a facility to store international stockpiled spent nuclear fuel and the consideration of a nuclear fuel leasing scheme to accompany it. The latter was also described by the Commission as a potential enabler for future enrichment and fuel processing activities, though such further processing developments were deemed to not be feasible within the next decade. The establishment of nuclear power generation in South Australia was also deemed inappropriate given the state's high penetration of solar and wind power.

2016-17

The Government of South Australia has allocated $3.6 million to the Department of the Premier and Cabinet for 2016-17 "to enable the government to engage with the community to develop an informed response to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission Final Report."^[13]

Citizens' Jury process

Nigel McBride, Business SA

Following the conclusion of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission, the Department of the Premier and Cabinet established a "YourSAy nuclear?" website, advertising campaign and Citizens' Jury process. Managed by the New Democracy Foundation, the Citizens' Jury process randomly invited 25,000 South Australians to participate by post. Of those who accepted the invitation, a total of 350 jurors will be chosen to meet and discuss the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission's final report, help produce a simplified version for further discussion, and ultimately express their support or rejection of its various recommendations. South Australian company DemocracyCo won the contract to facilitate the first Citizens' Jury. DemocracyCo spokesperson Emily Jenke described the process and its result as "one of the pieces the Premier and Government will be using to inform their thinking”.^[14]

The first Citizens' Jury was composed of 50 people and heard from a panel whose members are listed below.^[15]

Member's Name	Primary Position Held	Other Relevant Affiliations
Jason Kuchel	CEO of South Australian Chamber of Mines & Energy	Member of Minerals and Energy Advisory Council
Simon Longstaff	Founder of The Ethics Centre	Financial supporters of The Ethics Centre include BHP Billiton and Santos Ltd[16]
Nigel McBride	CEO of Business SA	Member of the State Advisory Council of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA), former lawyer with MinterEllison
Michael Penniment	Director of Radiation Oncology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital	Employee of the Government of South Australia
Leanna Read	Chief Scientist of SA	Member of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission Expert Advisory and Medical Expert Advisory committees, member of the Economic Development Board of South Australia, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering and Chair of the South Australian Science Council
Kelly-Anne Saffin	CEO of Northern and Yorke Regional Development Australia	RDA is funded by the Government of Australia and the Government of South Australia[17]
Keith Thomas	CEO of SA Native Title Services	SA Native Title Services is funded by the Government of South Australia[18]
Craig Wilkins	CEO of Conservation Council of South Australia	Wilkins is former Chief of Staff of Australian Greens MLC Mark Parnell. The Conservation Council of South Australia receives funding from the Government of South Australia.

Know Nuclear campaign bus shelter advertisement, August 2016

The first Citizens Jury produced a report after hearing witnesses and deliberating over four sitting days. Its publication was followed by the launch of a state-wide community consultation program coordinated by the Department of the Premier and Cabinet. The campaign carried the slogan "Get to know nuclear. Discover. Discuss. Decide" and included print, radio and television commercials, online discussions and community displays attended by DPC staff.

The Citizens' Jury process will inform State government decisions which are expected to be made in November 2016.

Nuclear submarines

Profile of the Barracuda type submarine, with her pump-jet propeller and X-shaped stern planes.

The prospect of constructing nuclear submarines in South Australia has been raised on various occasions during the 2010s. Authors from UCL Australia have written opinion pieces and produced research papers on the topic. In 2016, the contract for the supply of Australia's Future Submarines Project was awarded to French company Direction des Constructions Navales Services (DCNS), and the Barracuda-class submarine was selected. The Barracuda-class submarine is currently a nuclear powered submarine, but the Australian Government has sought a modified design with diesel-powered pump jet propulsion. The other bidders which were competing for the tender do not make nuclear powered submarines. Australian Cabinet ministers have discussed the merits of keeping the nuclear propulsion option open by choosing the Barracuda-class design and the coalition government is supportive of nuclear industrial development in Australia.^[19]

In 2015, former Rolls Royce nuclear engineer and submarine expert Steve Ludlam was appointed to the Defence SA Advisory Board.

Jason Kuchel, South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy

Support

Support for expanding the nuclear industry in South Australia has been expressed by corporate uranium mining interests Western Mining Corporation (the first owners of the Olympic Dam mine), BHP Billiton (their successors)^[20] and the Rio Tinto group.^[21] Industry representative bodies have also expressed their support, including the Minerals Council of Australia and its predecessors, the Uranium Information Centre and the Australian Uranium Association. Other spokespeople supporting nuclear industrial development in South Australia include Richard Yeeles,^[22] Nigel McBride from Business SA and Jason Kuchel from the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy. Staff and students of UCL Australia have published research papers supporting the exploration of further nuclear industrial development in South Australia. Professor Stefaan Simons has advocated for the consideration of uranium enrichment^[4] and nuclear-powered submarines.

Opposition

There has been considerable Australian resistance to uranium mining for some decades. There have been concerns that uranium drives the global nuclear weapons cycle, disturbs or degrades sacred sites, releases carcinogenic radon gas, and contaminates groundwater. Nuclear power is considered by opponents as an unsafe, centralised, and secretive energy option, which creates security risks. High-level radioactive waste management has also been another major concern.^[23]

Opponents to the expansion of nuclear industry in South Australia include the Australian Greens (whose spokespeople include Scott Ludlam and Mark Parnell), Friends of the Earth, the Australian Conservation Foundation and the Conservation Council of South Australia. Opposition has also been expressed by Kevin Buzzacott, Eileen Kampakuta Brown, Eileen Wani Wingfield and other elders of several indigenous peoples. The Desert Liberation Front has coordinated protest events at the gates of the Olympic Dam mine in 2012 and 2016 using the names The Lizard's Revenge and The Lizard Bites Back.^[24]

References

1. "Official opening of Roxby Downs - The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995) - 5 Nov 1988". Trove. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
2. "Mines and quarries". www.minerals.statedevelopment.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
3. "20 Years of MESA Journal" (PDF). MESA Journal 80 - 1. Government of South Australia. p. 6. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
4. Hough, Andrew (2013-08-18). "Nuclear enrichment industry could lead to multi-billion-dollar economic bonanza, study says". The Advertiser. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
5. "SA Premier supports uranium export to India". 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
6. "Australia Ready For Uranium Sales To India". Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
7. "A timeline of South Australia's nuclear dump debate". ABC News. 2015-09-22. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
8. "Six sites shortlisted for nuclear waste storage facility". ABC News. 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
9. "SA cattle station could be first nuclear waste dump site". ABC News. 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
10. "160616 - Ramsey visits ahead of 'important' Election". www.themonitor.com.au. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
11. "Finland nuke trip convinces delegation to support SA waste dump plan". ABC News. 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
12. "Barack Obama makes history in Hiroshima, while Australia stops worrying and loves the bomb". Retrieved 2016-07-04.
13. 2016-17 STATE BUDGET - Budget Paper 5 - Budget Measures Statement (PDF). Adelaide, South Australia: Government of South Australia. 2016. pp. 69–70. ISSN 1440-8589.
14. "Nuclear jury about the big picture, not manufacturing consent - InDaily". InDaily. 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
15. "A businessman, an environmentalist and an oncologist walked into a citizens' jury... - InDaily". InDaily. 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
16. "The Ethics Centre - The Ethics Centre". www.ethics.org.au. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
17. North, Regional Development Australia Yorke and Mid. "Regional Development Yorke and Mid North - Role & Structure". Regional Development Australia Yorke and Mid North. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
18. "Overview". www.nativetitlesa.org. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
19. "Coalition plans nuclear-powered submarine fleet over long term". Financial Review. 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2016-06-18.
20. "Submission to the Royal Commission into the Nuclear Fuel Cycle" (PDF). BHP Billiton. 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
21. "A nuclear Australia is inevitable: Rio chairman". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
22. "Nuclear waste dump could earn SA billions of dollars: Switkowski". ABC News. 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
23. Marty Branagan. The Australian Movement against Uranium Mining: Its Rationale and Evolution, International Journal of Rural Law and policy, 2014.
24. Jones, Erin (2016-07-03). "SA Police close Olympic Way as anti-uranium protesters light bonfire in the middle of the road". The Advertiser. Retrieved 2016-07-03.