Odd number theorem

The odd number theorem is a theorem in strong gravitational lensing which comes directly from differential topology. It says that the number of multiple images produced by a bounded transparent lens must be odd.

In fact, the gravitational lensing is a mapping from image plane to source plane $M:(u,v)\mapsto (u',v')\,$. If we use direction cosines describing the bent light rays, we can write a vector field on $(u,v)\,$ plane $V:(s,w)\,$. However, only in some specific directions $V_{0}:(s_{0},w_{0})\,$, will the bent light rays reach the observer, i.e., the images only form where $D=\delta V=0|_{{(s_{0},w_{0})}}$. Then we can directly apply the Poincaré–Hopf theorem $\chi =\sum {\text{index}}_{D}={\text{constant}}\,$. The index of sources and sinks is +1, and that of saddle points is −1. So the Euler characteristic equals the difference between the number of positive indices $n_{{+}}\,$ and the number of negative indices $n_{{-}}\,$. For the far field case, there is only one image, i.e., $\chi =n_{{+}}-n_{{-}}=1\,$. So the total number of images is $N=n_{{+}}+n_{{-}}=2n_{{-}}+1\,$, i.e., odd. The strict proof needs Uhlenbeck’s Morse theory of null geodesics.

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It is also a theorem that the sum of the first odd numbers is a square number^[1]

References

1. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OddNumberTheorem.html

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