Olfactory mucosa

Olfactory mucosa
Details
Latin pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi

Anatomical terminology

The olfactory mucosa is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, connective tissue containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, Bowman's glands and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons.[1]

The mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles.[2] The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein.[3]

In vertebrates, the olfactory epithelium consists of a three basic cell types: bipolar olfactory receptor neurons; sustentacular cells, a type of supporting cell; and basal cells, the stem cells that continuously give rise to new olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular cells.[4]

Cells in the olfactory mucosa have been shown to have a degree of plasticity, and hold potential for therapeutic applications.[4] Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) have been proposed as a donor of chromatin by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in neurodegenerative diseases [5]

Such cells have been used in clinical trials for adult stem cell therapeutic treatments, and successfully harvested for future applications.[6]

CB1 receptors are present in the sustentacular cells of the olfactory mucosa, in the periglomerular cells of the olfactory bulb, and in the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory cortices. A study in 2008 in mice has shown, that the level of CB1 expression in various brain regions, including the olfactory nucleus, is modulated by diet-induced obesity.[7]

See also

The endocannabinoid system

Cannabinoid receptors

References

  1. ↑ Moran, David T.; Rowley Jc, 3rd; Jafek, BW; Lovell, MA (1982), "The fine structure of the olfactory mucosa in man", Journal of Neurocytology, 11 (5): 721–746, doi:10.1007/BF01153516, PMID 7143026
  2. ↑ Frisch, Donald (1967), "Ultrastructure of mouse olfactory mucosa.", The American Journal of Anatomy, 121 (1): 87–120., doi:10.1002/aja.1001210107, PMID 6052394
  3. ↑ Tegoni, Mariella; Pelosi, P; Vincent, F; Spinelli, S; Campanacci, V; Grolli, S; Ramoni, R; Cambillau, C (2000), "Mammalian odorant binding proteins", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (published 1967), 1482 (1–2): 229–240., doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00167-9, PMID 11058764
  4. 1 2 Schwob, James E. (2002), "Neural Regeneration and the Peripheral Olfactory System", The Anatomical Record, 269 (1): 33–49, doi:10.1002/ar.10047, PMID 11891623
  5. ↑ Baig AM. Designer's microglia with novel delivery system in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Oct;83(4):510-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.003.
  6. ↑ Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies
  7. ↑ Palouzier-Paulignan, Brigitte; Lacroix, Marie-Christine; Aimé, Pascaline; Baly, Christine; Caillol, Monique; Congar, Patrice; Julliard, A. Karyn; Tucker, Kristal; Fadool, Debra Ann (2012-11-01). "Olfaction Under Metabolic Influences". Chemical Senses. 37 (9): 769–797. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs059. ISSN 0379-864X. PMC 3529618Freely accessible. PMID 22832483.
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