Ontario tobacco belt

The Ontario tobacco belt is the tobacco-growing region located in Norfolk County and eastern Elgin County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Being close to the north shore of Lake Erie, the region has moderate climate with sandy and silt-loam soils well-suited to a wide variety of crops.[1]

High-value horticultural crops are valuable here and can be grown with relative ease. About 90% of all tobacco grown in Canada is produced here.[2] Members of Parliament elected to ridings in the Ontario tobacco belt have strong pro-tobacco policies in addition to other policies in the interest of their rural constituents.[2]

Historically speaking, the Ontario tobacco belt is considered to be focused in the rural area immediately surrounding the towns of Delhi, Aylmer and Tillsonburg. Additional tobacco farms can be found in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and near Joliette, Quebec.[2]

History

United Empire Loyalists introduced the tobacco crop after fleeing northwards from their established farms following the American Revolution.[2] However, the first official tobacco plot wasn't planted in Norfolk County until 1920.[1]

From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s, the coastal portion of the Ontario tobacco belt was threatened with desertification. Only by planting coniferous seedlings was the desertification finally stopped.[3] More than 25% of Norfolk County is considered to be forested.[4]

The Ontario tobacco belt would experience its economic zenith during the 1950s and 1960s. During those decades, most communities in the Ontario belt (as well as their residents) were reasonably affluent from the economic gains that the tobacco farms made. The song Tillsonburg by classic country music performer Stompin' Tom Connors would capture the hard working spirit of the Ontario tobacco belt during the middle of the 20th century. A devastating tornado that started in nearby Woodstock would devastate several tobacco farms in the tobacco belt back during the late 1970s.[5] Recent tornadoes have not been as severe as the one that occurred in the summer of 1979, even when taking global warming into account.

While Canadian tobacco farmers (especially those in the Ontario tobacco belt) see themselves as "innocent victims" of government tobacco regulations, most of them started farming after provincial governments throughout Canada began introducing policies aimed at limiting tobacco consumption.[2] As the older farmers retire, their children will most likely seek different career paths.[2] Tobacco farms would eventually be sold to their neighbors; this has a domino effect.[2] This domino effect ultimately results in fewer farmers having more acreage creating a further sense of economic inequality in the area.[2] The irony comes from the fact that farmers protest against the regulations that keep them in business.[2]

Recent history

Tobacco farm in Norfolk County, summer 2012.

The longstanding dominance of tobacco in the region has been on the wane in recent years. In 2002, politicians from the Ontario tobacco belt opposed several anti-smoking measures, causing a non-smoking group to give the Ontario government a failing grade at that time.[6] The tobacco belt members of Provincial Parliament were responsible for scaling back a proposed tobacco tax from $10/carton to $5/carton.[6] They failed to implement a public smoking ban (until the Smoke Free Ontario law was passed in 2006).[6] On August 8, 2008, tobacco farmers in this region were given $300 million to buy out their entire tobacco quota.[7] All of the money was raised from a $1,000,000,000 fine against Imperial Tobacco and Rothman's Benson & Hedges.[7] After receiving the money, farmers that signed the buy-out are permitted to grow any crop except for tobacco; switching to raising livestock like cattle, poultry, or pigs is completely legal under this plan.

Only about one thousand farm families still produce tobacco in the entire belt.[8] Motivation to cease tobacco farming has been accelerated by health issues and high tobacco taxes.[8] Farmers who never agreed to the tobacco buy-out may grow as much tobacco as their farmland allows through a special tobacco growing license that was created on the week of May 15, 2009.[9] Relatives of the farmers (either blood relatives or relatives through marriage) who agreed to the buy-out can still grow tobacco on the original farmer's land with a tobacco growing license.[9] However, this right does not extend to the farmer himself who can still manage the farm but not own it in his name.[9] Farmers must also find a company that will buy his product; otherwise he cannot grow tobacco until next year.[9] Attempts by local youth sports leagues to prohibit the usage of tobacco amongst players, coaches, referees, and even spectators has been successful in a region that was once dominated by the massive profits of Big Tobacco.[10]

Currently, Tillsonburg is under a strict bylaw aimed at reducing levels of outdoor second-hand smoke. This by-law was passed on May 14, 2012 by Tillsonburg Town council; prohibiting the usage of tobacco and tobacco-related products within 9 metres or 30 feet of certain buildings intended for families and/or children.[11]

Future

By 2020, the Ontario tobacco belt will become the "Ontario horticultural centre" because of its abundance of water. Other reasons for the sudden transformation of this region include proximity to urban markets (e.g., Hamilton, Kitchener, London) and a sandy soil that favors horticultural crops.[2] European farmers will boost the average cost of farmland to $570,000 by the year 2016 due to their overspending; which would essentially give them a monopoly on the local farming business over aspiring Canadian-born farmers. An increasingly amount of established farmers in the area call this tax hike "unfair;" as they perceive themselves to be paying 75% less for property taxes than people who live on residential properties nearby.[12] While beef production has declined in the Ontario tobacco belt in the past 20 years, the amount of pork and chicken products that are grown in the region have increased slightly. The transition from conventional farming to greenhouses have resulted in fewer "field" crops and a greater amount of the "hothouse" variety.[13]

Should the sea levels rise by 60 metres or 200 feet within the foreseeable future due to the increase in global temperatures, the Ontario tobacco belt would not be affected by global flooding.[14] However, it may be affected by droughts as a by-product of the dislocation of available fresh water and may be forced to rely on desalinated salt water piped in from the Eastern United States. Constructing the proper infrastructure to carry the water hundreds of miles away would take considerable manpower along with significant economic costs and an unprecedented level of cooperation from multiple federal, state/provincial, and municipal governments. Another possible outcome of the global climate change would bring back desertification into the Lake Erie portion of the tobacco belt. Any grasslands in the area would become brown and eventually become sand; increasing in dryness the further the piece of land is from a source of fresh water. A regional bout of famine would occur if the desertification continued to spread inland and threatened the local crops.

The price of gasoline in the Ontario tobacco belt already exceeds $1.20/litre ($4.80/US gallon); making it critical for research agencies to find a commonly affordable non-oil based fuel.[15] Even if ethanol fuel was economically feasible for consumers, the local climate is unable to sustain year-round temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) that is needed for optimal engine performance.[16] American farmers have finally admitted to their experiments with ethanol fuel technology to being complete failures after the 2012 drought wiped out most of the corn needed to create the ethanol fuel. Wide-scale usage of ethanol fuel outside motorsports and niche motorized vehicles may never come into fruition.[17]

Hydrogen fuel promises to provide an alternative fuel product for local motorized vehicle drivers once it has been accepted in urban areas where mass transit is prevalent. According to the United States Energy Information Administration, hydrogen fuel is considered to be just as safe as unleaded petroleum gasoline when it comes to unwanted explosions.[18] Fuel with hydrogen is also on par with compressed natural gas;[19] which can be found in Brazil in lieu of conventional unleaded (petrol) gasoline.

Jobs

Most of the Ontario tobacco belt also belongs to the Green Energy Hub; an environmental region in Southern Ontario that is dedicated to creating "green" jobs through solar panels, wind turbines, and recycled rain water. Delhi, once considered to be the "heart of the Ontario tobacco belt," historically had transient adolescent workers that could find employment quickly. The local police force started to take a less tolerant stand towards these job seekers in the later years when they started to threaten the employment of local workers.[20]

As urbanization continues to claim the Niagara Peninsula, displaced farmers will come to the Ontario tobacco belt seeking acres of land to farm.[2] European farmers have bought farmland in massive amounts throughout the course of the Great Recession; fleeing the bleak prospect of farming land between airstrips in their native Europe.[12] Their expertise in growing non-tobacco crops will forever change the economy of communities like Tillsonburg and Delhi.[2] Tobacco laborers will easily transition over into their new jobs in horticulture labor. Most of the jobs will involve heavy labor and no additional skills would be needed for the Jamaican and Mexican transient laborers who "reside" in the tobacco belt region from March to November. Farm operators within the Ontario tobacco belt are 55 years old on average as of December 14, 2012 because operating a farm consists of long hours, intensive physical labor and little pay. Despite the recent economic woes, young people find greater job security working at urban office jobs than operating a rural farm in either Norfolk or Oxford County.[13]

Factories once operated in the Ontario tobacco belt; especially in the town of Simcoe. During the 42 years that it was operating, the metal-can manufacturing plant owned by The American Can Company employed many local residents. The Canadian Canning Company, which had been in operation in Simcoe since the 1870s, was a primary customer for some of the products of the American Can Plant, and was a producer of canned fruit, vegetable, and processed prepared foodstuffs, such as soup. This processing plant relied heavily on fruit and vegetables produced locally. In 1991, the Robinson Street manufacturing plants closed. The shutdown of the plants can be partially attributed to the recession of the early 1990s.[21]

Delhi Industries and Delhi Foundry once offered non-tobacco jobs to Delhi. They both eventually closed due to the changing Canadian economy that emphasized more on service jobs than jobs in traditional manufacturing fields. Delhi Industries lasted until the midst of the Canadian economic recession when it closed down on March 2010; terminating 61 Canadian jobs on a permanent basis. They once made fans and blowers for industrial operations in the region.[22] 2600 people have officially joined the Norfolk County workforce between June 2012 and June 2013. Businesses have been expanding throughout Norfolk County again; often hiring people two at a time. Innovative business running measures are also improving the quality of life for Norfolk County residents who are members of the workforce. The economy of the Greater Toronto Area along with the rest of the world may become further interconnected with the changing economy of the Ontario tobacco belt.[23]

Climate

Traditional

The traditional climate for most of the Ontario tobacco belt has witnessed temperatures as low of −7.8 °C (18.0 °F) in January and as high as 25.6 °C (78.1 °F) in July.[24][25] Like everywhere else in the world, weather officials have been recording drastic amounts of climate change in the Ontario tobacco belt over the past decades. Improving levels of technology eventually made it easier to compare warm temperatures from the 1930s and 1960s to the temperatures of today.

Even the traditional climate was considered to be inhospitable for some as the threat of desertification raged on from the early 20th century through the 1960s. Only by planting coniferous seedlings did the Ontario tobacco belt started to become a more friendly climate for tobacco production.[3]

Historically, the hottest temperatures in the Ontario tobacco belt were recorded on July 9, 1936 with Delhi registering temperatures up to 40.6 °C or 105.1 °F.[26]

Modern

An overnight frost in the early fall of 1999 damaged the unharvested crops of one hundred local tobacco farms; Norfolk County, Brant County, and Oxford County were affected in the disaster.[27] An official reading of 35.7 °C or 96.3 °F from the Delhi weather station recorded on July 7, 2012 has seen rising temperatures become a nearly unstoppable trend in the Ontario tobacco belt.[28]

When temperatures in the Ontario tobacco belt manage to reach a high of beyond 30 °C or 86 °F, overall crop yields can be reduced as much as 1% per day; leading to potential crop failures months ahead of the proper harvest schedule.[29] The number of days that the Ontario tobacco belt spends in temperatures in excess of 30 °C or 86 °F are rising due to shifting weather patterns. Within the next 20 years, the industrial character of Norfolk, Brant and Oxford counties might have to change in order to adapt to the difficulties that future farmers will face concerning the well-being of their crops.

However, with the summer temperatures of 2009 having been the coldest since 1816,[30] the number of successful tobacco and food crops were fewer and more expensive because of fears of an early frost that never quite surfaced in 2009. The same effect was felt months after the severe December 22–28 blizzard with the subsequent blizzards on February 5–6, 2010 and on February 25–27 of that same year. There were two outbreaks of blizzards that occurred in this area between January 25 and February 2, 2011. After the start of 2012, the effects of the March 2012 North American heat wave has rendered virtually all snowfall in this area non-existent for the first time since the winter of 1994-95.[31][32][33] The heat wave has also shattered all of the temperature records throughout the Ontario tobacco belt along with the rest of Southern Canada and parts of North America.[34] This heat wave has extended itself into the summer months. During August 2012, only parts of South America and Northern Australia experienced temperatures that were cooler than usual.[35] The heat wave officially ended in early November 2012 when local temperatures plunged below 10 °C or 50 °F.[36]

Between December 2012 and April 2013, temperatures managed to return to normal seasonal levels for the Ontario tobacco belt along with most of Ontario.[37] While May and June 2013 has seen temperatures that were slightly above normal, July 2013 has seen the return of extremely warm temperatures. Temperatures did not return to normal seasonal patterns until the middle of October 2013. However, the 2013–14 North American cold wave victimized Norfolk County from January to mid-April 2014 with unusually frequent cases of blizzards and snowstorms. An expected heat wave for the summer months of 2014 never emerged, meaning that temperatures in the Ontario tobacco belt have remained close to normal.

The months of April and May 2015 have seen temperatures that have gone directly from being unseasonably cold to unseasonably warm and back to unseasonably cold without any moderate weather in between. Cloudy days with high winds dominate the colder days while the unseasonably warm weather brings about threats of thunderstorms during the evening hours.[38][39]

The temperatures from June to early September 2015 were seen as unusually warm and/or muggy. Thunderstorms and essential rainfall was deemed to be few and far in-between; with normal seasonal temperatures returning around late September of that year.

The winter of 2016 has seen a lack of snowfall not seen since the winter of 2012. While the summer months of 2016 were as equally dry and hot as the summer of 2015, it has been considerably more windy in 2016 than it was in 2015. The dry summer has affected everything from trees to wildlife to the water levels for Lake Erie. Rain should return around September or October 2016 when the cold front need to produce precipitation is finally created in order to fight the dominant warm front; this would have the secondary effect of cooling off temperatures in the tobacco belt region for the winter months.

Replacements for tobacco

Horticulture and animal farming

Compared to 1998, tobacco farming is down by 60% and falling.[40] It is possible that this tobacco industry will never recover and disappear forever.[40] Calls to action by local residents to diversify the tobacco belt into other industries have been slow in being answered by Norfolk County council. Diversification into several different types of products could help the region absorb the ups and downs of a changing economy. The winter hardiness and soil requirements of lavender are equivalent to that of tobacco; meaning that an "Ontario horticultural belt" could see the economy revolve around lavender plants rather than tobacco plants.[41]

Tobacco farmers in this region have to deal with the same issues that haunt European tobacco farmers; farmers are told to grow different crops or go out of business.[42] However, it is difficult to adjust to the changing supply and demand when most farmers are in heavy debt.[42] The economic fallout from the Canadian economic recession also played in role in declining tobacco sales and farmers going deeper into debt. There are also good opportunities for wineries, peanut farms, poultry farms, and apiaries to fill the void that tobacco leaves behind economically.[43] Most of these alternative crops are either grown or raised in Norfolk County; that is where the cash crush of a declining tobacco market is affecting the most amount of people.[43]

Wind generators

Wind generators have been used extensively in the Port Rowan area and in the southwestern part of Norfolk County (particularly near Lake Erie).[44] Port Rowan has seen some wind generators installed in the northern end of their community near their active adult community; but were dismantled after the local people starting protesting. Most of them are seen near the communities of Clear Creek, Jacksonburg, Houghton Centre, and Hemlock.[44] Port Dover (on the easternmost part of the Ontario tobacco belt) has been declared to be the site of future wind generators.[45] Norfolk County has banned the placement of new wind turbines after becoming a "willing host" for them back in 2003. One of the council members were worried about Norfolk County becoming "industrialized" and "unnatural." Many leaders in Norfolk County envision the surrounding area as being an agricultural hub for Southern Ontario even by the middle of the 22nd century.[46]

By harvesting the local wind energy, it is assumed that electricity could be created closer to home without using fossil fuels and without polluting the atmosphere or the water that people need to live. However, one of the side effects has been the unexplained killing of the bald eagle species that is being rehabilitated in the area.[47] Wind energy supporters have stated in the past that fossil fuel-based power plants affect the birds in a less humane manner.[48]

The cost of the wind generator devices (approximately $4 million CAD per unit) has caused the short-term price of hydroelectric energy to increase as it became more expensive to deliver the needed energy due to complications with the electricity grid.[49] While rent has remained very cheap (approximately 870 Canadian dollars a month) by global standards in Brantford, the rising cost of electricity has made the typical restaurant meal in that city to be very expensive (with the cost of a meal between 10.50 Canadian dollars a person for lunch to 67.50 Canadian dollars a person for an elegant dinner); particularly when compared to other communities within Southern Ontario.[50]

The conventional Ontario electricity grid had become dependent on fossil fuels,[51] transformers,[52] and nuclear energy for decades before the wind turbines started appearing.[51] However, these concerns are negated by wind energy proponents who say that the turbines could lead to electricity price reductions through lower natural gas prices (due to the reductions in natural gas demand).[53]

The use of fossil fuels is becoming less frequent amongst both rural and urban people as it becomes more expensive.[54] Dwindling oil supplies (that will be completely diminished by 2057[55]) are leaving humanity little choice but to invest in wind and solar generators. Worldwide protests against the development of new oil fields are also bringing up the price of fossil fuels.[56][57] Alternative fuels (like wind energy from the nearby Erie Shores Wind Farm and all solar energy projects done in this area in the future) will eventually relegate the use of fossil fuels to the Middle East and to developing countries.[54] These alternatives will be cheaper and cleaner than the energy forms that rely on fossil fuels.[54] The increasingly frequent use of alternative clean fuels (such as natural gas, wind, and solar) could help control pollution from fossil fuel use, and mitigate global warming.[58]

References

  1. 1 2 "Waterfowl and Wetlands of Long Point Bay and Old Norfolk County". Long Point Biosphere. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Farmers on Tobacco Road". International Development Research Centre. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  3. 1 2 "Desertification history of Southern Ontario". Defining Canada. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  4. ↑ Report on Tree Conservation By-Laws in Southern Ontario at Tree Canada
  5. ↑ Newark, M. (Autumn 1979). The Woodstock Tornado. Chinook, 1, 9.
  6. 1 2 3 "Ontario Fails to Control Tobacco". Action on Smoking and Health. 2002-10-17. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  7. 1 2 "Where the buy-out money came from". Canada.com (Ottawa Citizen). 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  8. 1 2 Perkel, Colin (2008-08-01). "Ontario tobacco buy-out". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Relatives of Bought-Out Farmers May Still Grow Tobacco". Better Farming. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  10. ↑ "Local summer hockey league goes tobacco-free". Norfolk County. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
  11. ↑ "Bylaw 3596 : To Prohibit Smoking In Certain Public Places Within The Town Of Tillsonburg". The Town of Tillsonburg (Ontario, Canada). Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  12. 1 2 "Farmers face prospect of higher taxes". Retrieved 2013-06-20.
  13. 1 2 "Farmers getting older, fewer in numbers". The Simcoe Reformer. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  14. ↑ "Impact of global warming on the Ontario Tobacco Belt". Firetree. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
  15. ↑ Cost of living in Simcoe, Ontario at Numbeo
  16. ↑ Brian West; Keith Knoll; Wendy Clark; Ronald Graves; John Orban; Steve Przesmitzki & Timothy Theiss (2008). "Effects of Intermediate Ethanol Blends on Legacy Vehicles and Small Non-Road Engines, Report 1" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory and National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-10-19. NREL/TP-540-43543, ORNL/TM-2008/117
  17. ↑ Matthew L. Wald (2013-03-18). "Days of Promise Fade for Ethanol". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  18. ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d). Energy sources: hydrogen. Retrieved from: http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=hydrogen_home-basics-k.cfm
  19. ↑ "Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program testing H2/CNG". Hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  20. ↑ "Picking tobacco in Delhi, Ontario". Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  21. ↑ American Canning Company historical information at UER.ca
  22. ↑ "Delhi Industries to close doors in March". Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  23. ↑ Daniel Pearce (June 2013). "Optimism being felt in Norfolk". Simcoe Reformer. Retrieved June 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  24. ↑ "Delhi, Ontario weather for January 1, 1960". Old Farmers' Almanac. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
  25. ↑ "Delhi, Ontario weather for July 1, 1960". Old Farmers' Almanac. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
  26. ↑ Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000, accessed 18 March 2012
  27. ↑ "Frost Caused Damage in Tobacco Belt". CBC News. 1999-09-22. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  28. ↑ "Delhi, Ontario weather for July 7, 2012". Old Farmers' Almanac. 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  29. ↑ "Celebrating the Past" (PDF). University of Guelph. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
  30. ↑ "Ontario Weather Review - July 2009". Environment Canada. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  31. ↑ "Ontario Weather Review - February 2012". Environment Canada. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  32. ↑ "Ontario Weather Review - January 2012". Environment Canada. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  33. ↑ "Ontario Weather Review - March 2012". Environment Canada. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  34. ↑ "Historic Heat in North America Turns Winter to Summer". NASA Earth Observatory. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  35. ↑ Mapping the Hot Summer at Earth Observatory (NASA)
  36. ↑ "Delhi, Ontario weather for November 1, 2012". Old Farmers' Almanac. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  37. ↑ "Temperatures predictions for December 2012-April 2013". Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  38. ↑ Weather information for Simcoe, Ontario - April 2015
  39. ↑ Weather information for Simcoe, Ontario - May 2015
  40. 1 2 "Political Bites: Smoky politics". CBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
  41. ↑ "A tale of two tobacco farms". Norfolk News. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
  42. 1 2 "Situation of tobacco farmers (from Europe's perspective)". Save Tobacco Growers. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  43. 1 2 "Government of Ontario (Canada) news". Government of Ontario (Canada). 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  44. 1 2 "Lakeshore Wind Turbines" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  45. ↑ The Simcoe Reformer - January 19, 2011
  46. ↑ "Norfolk Seeks End to Turbine Development". Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  47. ↑ "Wind Concerns Ontario (Wordpress)". 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  48. ↑ Sovacool, B. K. (2009). "Contextualizing avian mortality: A preliminary appraisal of bird and bat fatalities from wind, fossil-fuel, and nuclear electricity". Energy Policy. 37 (6): 2241–2248. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.011.
  49. ↑ "Hydro prices going like rocket". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  50. ↑ Cost of living in Brantford, Canada at Numbeo
  51. 1 2 "Electricity in Ontario". University of Guelph. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  52. ↑ "The Electricity Sector". Ontario Energy Board. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  53. ↑ Wiser, R., Bolinger, M. (2007). “Can deployment of renewable energy put downward pressure on natural gas prices?” Energy Policy, Volume 35, pp.295-306.
  54. 1 2 3 "Saudia Arabia in the year 2037 - also deals with developed countries having alternative fuels". Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  55. ↑ "Tapped Out". Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  56. ↑ Alaska Inter-Tribal Council. "NCAI Resolution #BIS-02-056." 26 May 2005. Retrieved on 2008-8-01.
  57. ↑ "Gwich'in leader blasts Senate vote on ANWR drilling." Indianz.com 18 Mar. 2005. Retrieved on 2008-8-01.
  58. ↑ Hansen, J. (2007). "Dangerous Human-Made Interference with Climate" (PDF). Testimony to Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, United States House of Representatives. 26. Retrieved 2 July 2008.

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