Order of integration
Order of integration, denoted I(d), is a summary statistic for a time series. It reports the minimum number of differences required to obtain a covariance stationary series.
Integration of order zero
A time series is integrated of order 0 if it admits a moving average representation with
where is the possibly infinite vector of moving average weights (coefficients or parameters). This implies that the autocovariance is decaying to 0 sufficiently quickly. This is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for a stationary process. Therefore, all stationary processes are I(0), but not all I(0) processes are stationary.
Integration of order d
A time series is integrated of order d if
is a stationary process, where is the lag operator and is the first difference, i.e.
In other words, a process is integrated to order d if taking repeated differences d times yields a stationary process.
Constructing an integrated series
An I(d) process can be constructed by summing an I(d − 1) process:
- Suppose is I(d − 1)
- Now construct a series
- Show that Z is I(d) by observing its first-differences are I(d − 1):
- where
See also
References
- Hamilton, James D. (1994) Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-691-04289-6.