Orders of magnitude (speed)
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2×10−18 m/s and 3.0×108 m/s. Values in bold are exact.
List of orders of magnitude for speed
Factor (m/s) | Value (m/s) | Value (km/h) | Value (mph) | Value (c) | Item | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10−18 | 2.2×10−18 | 7.8×10−18 | 4.9×10−18 | Expansion rate between 2 points in free space 1 m apart under Hubble's law. | ||
10−13 | 1×10−13 | 3×10−13 | 2×10−13 | Rate of erosion of Bedrock.[1] | ||
10−11 | 9.8×10−11 | 3.5×10−10 | 2.2×10−10 | Rate of global sea level rise in 1993–2003 (3.1 mm/yr).[2] | ||
10−10 | 3×10−10 to 3×10−9 | 1×10−9 to 1×10−8 | 7×10−10 to 7×10−9 | Typical relative speed of continental drift. | ||
10−9 | 1.3×10−9 | 4.68×10−9 | 2.9×10−9 | Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth (approx. 38 mm/yr). | ||
4.8×10−9 | 1.7×10−8 | 1.1×10−8 | Human hair growth (average rate—note that there is a great range of variation). | |||
10−6 | 1.52×10−6 | 5.4×10−6 | 3.4×10−6 | Speed of a cellular vesicle propelled by a motor protein.[3] | ||
10−5 | 1×10−5 | 4×10−5 | 3×10−5 | Speed of the tip of an hour hand on a clock. | ||
1.4×10−5 | 5.0×10−5 | 3.1×10−5 | Growth rate of bamboo, the fastest-growing woody plant, over 24 hours.[4] | |||
10−4 | 4.0×10−4 | 1.4×10−3 | 8.9×10−4 | Speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ, one of the fastest glaciers, in 2003.[5] | ||
6×10−4 | 2.2×10−3 | 1.3×10−3 | Typical speed of Thiovulum majus, the fastest-swimming bacterium.[6] | |||
10−3 | 0.00275 | 0.00990 | 0.00615 | World record speed of the fastest snail in the Congham, UK.[7] | ||
10−2 | 0.0476 | 0.171 | 0.106 | Compact cassette tape speed.[8] | ||
0.080 | 0.29 | 0.18 | The top speed of a sloth. | |||
10−1 | 0.2778 | 1 | 0.6214 | 1 km/hour. | ||
0.44704 | 1.609344 | 1 | 1 mph. | |||
0.5144 | 1.852 | 1.151 | 1 knot (nautical mile per hour) | |||
100 | 1.2 | 4.32 | 2.68 | Typical scanning speed of an audio compact disc; the speed of signals (action potentials) traveling along axons in the human cortex. | ||
1–1.5 | 3.6–5.4 | 2.2–3.4 | Average walking speed—below a speed of about 2 m/s, it is more efficient to walk than to run, but above that speed, it is more efficient to run. | |||
2.39 | 8.53 | 5.35 | World record time 50m freestyle swim | |||
5.72 | 20.42 | 12.80 | World record time marathon | |||
6–7 | 20–25 | 12–15 | Comfortable bicycling speed. | |||
101 | 10.438 | 37.578 | 23.35 | Average speed of Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt while setting the 100m world record in Berlin on 16 August 2009. | ||
12.42 | 44.72 | 27.78 | Top speed reached by Bolt during the same race. | |||
8–14 | 30–50 | 18–31 | Typical residential speed limit; top speed of a running cat or dog. | |||
14 | 50 | 31 | Typical speed of road-race cyclist. | |||
17 | 60 | 37 | Typical speed of thoroughbred racehorse or racing greyhound. | |||
5–25 | 18–90 | 11–56 | Speed of propagation for unmyelinated sensory neurons. | |||
30 | 110 | 70 | Typical speed of car (freeway); cheetah—fastest of all terrestrial animals; sailfish—fastest fish; speed of go-fast boat. | |||
37.16 | 133.78 | 83.13 | Land speed record for a human powered vehicle.[9] | |||
40 | 140 | 90 | Typical peak speed of a local service train (or intercity on lower standard tracks). | |||
54 | 195 | 122 | Maximum speed a human can attain during a face-down free-fall. | |||
67 | 240 | 149 | The top speed of the world's fastest roller coaster, Formula Rossa. | |||
90 | 320 | 200 | Typical speed of a modern high-speed train (e.g. latest generation of production TGV); a diving peregrine falcon—fastest bird; 320 km/h or 200 mph is a parameter sometimes used in defining a supercar.[10] | |||
91 | 328 | 204 | Fastest recorded ball (a golf ball) in sports.[11] | |||
102 | 103 | 370 | 230 | Speed of super torpedo VA-111 Shkval. | ||
103.5 | 372.6 | 231.5 | Maximum speed recorded by a Formula One car. Set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix at Monza in a McLaren MP4-20. | |||
105.5 | 379.8 | 236 | Maximum speed of a Ferrari F50 GT1. | |||
113 | 408 | 254 | Fastest non-tornadic wind gust recorded on Earth - at Barrow Island, Australia on 1996-04-10 during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia.[12] | |||
119.742 | 431.072 | 267.86 | Maximum speed of the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (currently the fastest production car in the world). | |||
120 | 432 | 270 | Speed of propagation for mammalian motor neurons. | |||
130 | 468 | 290 | Wind speed of a powerful tornado. | |||
150.6 | 539 | 337 | Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster. | |||
157 | 575 | 351 | Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007. | |||
161 | 580 | 360 | Top speed of JR-Maglev in 2003. | |||
250 | 900 | 560 | Typical cruising speed of a modern jet airliner, e.g. an Airbus A380. | |||
314 | 1,130 | 702 | Top speed of any World War II-era aircraft, the Me 163B V18 set on July 6, 1944. | |||
320 | 1,200 | 720 | The speed of a typical .22 LR bullet. | |||
340.3 | 1,225 | 761 | Speed of sound in standard atmosphere (15 °C and 1 atm). | |||
344.66 | 1,240.77 | 770.98 | Max speed reached by the jet-propelled car ThrustSSC in 1997—Land speed record.[13] | |||
373 | 1,342.8 | 833.9 | Highest speed recorded during a free fall set by Felix Baumgartner. | |||
428 | 1,540.8 | 957 | Max speed of Bell X-1. | |||
464 | 1,670 | 1,040 | Speed of Earth's rotation at the equator. | |||
603 | 2,170.8 | 1,350 | Speed of the Concorde airliner. | |||
975 | 3,510 | 2,180 | Muzzle velocity of M16 rifle. | |||
981 | 3,532 | 2,194 | SR-71 Blackbird, the fastest aircraft driven by a mechanical jet engine. | |||
103 | 1,400 | 5,040 | 3,100 | Speed of the Space Shuttle when the solid rocket boosters separate. | ||
1,500 | 5,400 | 3,400 | Speed of sound in water or in soft tissue.[14] | |||
1,789 | 6,443 | 4,002 | Speed of BrahMos II hypersonic cruise missile | |||
2,000 | 7,200 | 4,500 | Estimated speed of a thermal neutron. | |||
2,019 | 7,268.4 | 4,516 | Speed of the North American X-15 rocket plane. | |||
2,375 | 8,550 | 5,345 | Escape velocity from Moon. | |||
2,700 | 9,600 | 6,000 | Speed of wind on exoplanet HD 189733 b.[15] | |||
2,885 | 10,385 | 6,453 | Top speed of the fastest rocket sled.[16] | |||
3,373 | 12,144 | 7,546 | Speed of the X-43 rocket/scramjet plane. | |||
4,500 | 16,000 | 10,000 | A typical value for the specific impulse of current rockets. | |||
7,700 | 27,700 | 17,200 | Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit. | |||
7,777 | 28,000 | 17,400 | Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord. | |||
104 | 11,107 | 39,985.2 | 24,846 | 0.00004 c | Speed of Apollo 10 – high speed record for human-crewed vehicle. | |
11,200 | 40,320 | 25,100 | 0.00004 c | Escape velocity from Earth. | ||
16,100 | 57,900 | 36,000 | 0.00005 c | Fastest projectile velocity (1994).[17] | ||
16,210 | 58,356 | 36,261 | 0.00005 c | Escape speed from Earth by NASA New Horizons spacecraft—Fastest escape velocity. | ||
17,000 | 61,000 | 38,000 | 0.00006 c | The approximate speed of the Voyager 1 probe relative to the sun, when it exited the Solar System.[18] | ||
29,800 | 107,280 | 66,700 | 0.00010 c | Speed of the Earth in orbit around the Sun. | ||
47,800 | 172,100 | 106,900 | 0.00016 c | Atmospheric entry speed of the Galileo atmospheric probe—Fastest controlled atmospheric entry for a man-made object. | ||
70,220 | 252,800 | 157,100 | 0.00023 c | Speed of the Helios 2 solar probe. | ||
73,762 | 265,542 | 165,000 | 0.00023 c | Estimated top speed of the Juno spacecraft before insertion into Jupiter's orbit —Fastest man-made object.[19] | ||
105 | 140,000 | 540,000 | 313,170 | 0.00047 c | Approaching velocity of Messier 98 to our galaxy. | |
200,000 | 700,000 | 450,000 | 0.00070 c | Orbital speed of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy. | ||
308,571 | 1,080,000 | 694,288 | 0.001 c | Approaching velocity of Andromeda Galaxy to our galaxy. | ||
440,000 | 1,600,000 | 980,000 | 0.0015 c | Typical speed of the stepped leader of lightning (cf. return stroke below).[20] | ||
450,000 | 1,600,000 | 1,000,000 | 0.0015 c | Typical speed of a particle of the solar wind, relative to the Sun. | ||
552,000 | 1,990,000 | 1,230,000 | 0.0018 c | Speed of the Milky Way, relative to the cosmic microwave background. | ||
617,700 | 2,224,000 | 1,382,000 | 0.0021 c | Escape velocity from the surface of the Sun. | ||
106 | 1,000,000 | 3,600,000 | 2,200,000 | 0.0030 c | Typical speed of a Moreton wave across the surface of the Sun. | |
1,610,000 | 5,800,000 | 3,600,000 | 0.0054 c | Speed of hypervelocity star PSR B2224+65, which currently seems to be leaving the Milky Way. | ||
5,000,000 | 18,000,000 | 11,000,000 | 0.017 c | Estimated minimum speed of star S2 at its closest approach to Sagittarius A*.[21] | ||
107 | 14,000,000 | 50,000,000 | 31,000,000 | 0.047 c | Typical speed of a fast neutron. | |
30,000,000 | 100,000,000 | 70,000,000 | 0.1 c | Typical speed of an electron in a cathode ray tube. | ||
108 | 100,000,000 | 360,000,000 | 220,000,000 | 0.3 c | The escape velocity of a neutron star. | |
100,000,000 | 360,000,000 | 220,000,000 | 0.3 c | Typical speed of the return stroke of lightning (cf. stepped leader above).[22] | ||
124,000,000 | 447,000,000 | 277,000,000 | 0.4 c | Speed of light in a diamond (Refractive index 2.417). | ||
200,000,000 | 720,000,000 | 440,000,000 | 0.7 c | Speed of a signal in an optical fiber. | ||
299,792,456 | 1,079,252,840 | 670,615,282 | 0.999 c | Speed of the 7 TeV protons in the Large Hadron Collider at full power.[23] | ||
299,792,458 − 1.5×10−15 | 1,079,252,848.8 − 5.4×10−15 | 670,616,629.4 | 1 − 4.9×10−24 c | Speed of the Oh-My-God particle ultra-high-energy cosmic ray.[24] | ||
299,792,458 | 1,079,252,848.8 | 670,616,629.4 | 1 c | Speed of light or other electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum or massless particles. Also, Planck speed. |
See also
- Typical projectile speeds - also showing the corresponding kinetic energy per unit mass
- Neutron temperature
References
- ↑ Blewett, Richard, ed. (2012). "Chapter 2: Australia in time and space". Shaping a nation. Geoscience Australia and ANU E-Press. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 2015. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - ↑ Bindoff, NL; et al. "Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level" (PDF). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ↑ Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". American Physical Society, the 69th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern. abstract. #EA.002. Bibcode:2002APS..SES.EA002H.
- ↑ Farrelly, David (1984). The Book of Bamboo. Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-825-X.
- ↑ Joughin I.; Abdalati W.; Fahnestock M. (2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier". Nature. 432 (7017): 608–610. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..608J. doi:10.1038/nature03130. PMID 15577906.
- ↑ Tom Fenchel (1994). "Motility and chemosensory behaviour of the sulphur bacterium Thiovulum majus". Microbiology. Microbiology (11): 3109–3116. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-11-3109. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ↑ "snailracing.net".
- ↑ TDK cassette spec sheet Retrieved on 27 March 2007
- ↑ "Dutch cyclist claims new world speed record in Nevada". BBC News. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ↑
- ↑ "FSN Sport Science - Episode 7 - Myths - Jason Zuback". Sport Science. YouTube. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ↑ "World record wind gust". World Meteorological Association. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ↑ "ThrustSSC".
- ↑ clinicalimagingscience.org - Photoacoustic Imaging: Opening New Frontiers in Medical Imaging
- ↑ Discovery Space: Top 10 Extrasolar Planets
- ↑ 846 TS Hypersonic Upgrade Program
- ↑ MALCOLM W. BROWNE (March 22, 1994). "Fastest Gun on Earth: Goals Go Beyond Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ↑ Elert, Glenn. "Speed of the Voyager Space Probes".
- ↑ Mike Wall (July 4, 2016). "By Jove! NASA Probe Arrives at Jupiter After 5-Year Trek". Space.com. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
- ↑ Thomson, E. M., M. A. Uman, and W. H. Beasley (1985), Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records, J. Geophys. Res., 90(D5), 8136–8142, doi:10.1029/JD090iD05p08136.
- ↑ [email protected]. "Surfing a Black Hole - Star Orbiting Massive Milky Way Centre Approaches to within 17 Light-Hours".
- ↑ V. P. Idone, R. E. Orville, D. M. Mach, and W. D. Rust (1987), The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke, Geophys. Res. Letters, vol 14 issue 11, 1150–1153, doi:10.1029/GL014i011p01150.
- ↑ "LHC beams". CERN.
- ↑ J. Walker (January 4, 1994). "The Oh-My-God Particle". Fourmilab.
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