Osculating orbit

Osculating orbit (inner, black) and perturbed orbit (red)

In astronomy, and in particular in astrodynamics, the osculating orbit of an object in space at a given moment in time is the gravitational Kepler orbit (i.e. ellipse or other conic) that it would have about its central body if perturbations were not present.[1] That is, it is the orbit that coincides with the current orbital state vectors (position and velocity).

The word "osculate" derives from a Latin word meaning "to kiss". Its use in this context derives from the fact that, at any point in time, an object's osculating orbit is precisely tangent to its actual orbit, with the tangent point being the object's location – and has the same curvature as the orbit would have in the absence of perturbing forces.

Kepler elements

An osculating orbit and the object's position upon it can be fully described by the six standard Keplerian orbital elements (osculating elements), which are easy to calculate as long as one knows the object's position and velocity relative to the central body. The osculating elements would remain constant in the absence of perturbations. However, real astronomical orbits experience perturbations that cause the osculating elements to evolve, sometimes very quickly. In cases where general celestial mechanical analyses of the motion have been carried out (as they have been for the major planets, the Moon, and other planetary satellites), the orbit can be described by a set of mean elements with secular and periodic terms. In the case of minor planets, a system of proper orbital elements has been devised to enable representation of the most important aspects of their orbits.

Perturbations

Perturbations that cause an object's osculating orbit to change can arise from:

Parameters

An object's orbital parameters will be different if they are expressed with respect to a non-inertial reference frame (for example, a frame co-precessing with the primary's equator), than if it is expressed with respect to a (non-rotating) inertial reference frame.

Put in more general terms, a perturbed trajectory can be analysed as if assembled of points, each of which is contributed by a curve out of a sequence of curves. Variables parameterising the curves within this family can be called orbital elements. Typically (though not necessarily), these curves are chosen as Keplerian conics, all of which share one focus. In most situations, it is convenient to set each of these curves tangent to the trajectory at the point of intersection. Curves that obey this condition (and also the further condition that they have the same curvature at the point of tangency as would be produced by the object's gravity towards the central body in the absence of perturbing forces) are called osculating, while the variables parameterising these curves are called osculating elements. In some situations, description of orbital motion can be simplified and approximated by choosing orbital elements that are not osculating. Also, in some situations, the standard (Lagrange-type or Delaunay-type) equations furnish orbital elements that turn out to be non-osculating.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Moulton, Forest R. (1970) [1902]. Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (2nd revised ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover. ISBN 0486646874, at pp.322-3.
  2. ↑ For details see: Efroimsky, M. (2005). "Gauge Freedom in Orbital Mechanics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1065: 346–74. arXiv:astro-ph/0603092Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005NYASA1065..346E. doi:10.1196/annals.1370.016. PMID 16510420.; Efroimsky, Michael; Goldreich, Peter (2003). "Gauge symmetry of the N-body problem in the Hamilton–Jacobi approach". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 44 (12): 5958–5977. arXiv:astro-ph/0305344Freely accessible. Bibcode:2003JMP....44.5958E. doi:10.1063/1.1622447.
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