Oslo Commuter Rail

Oslo Commuter Rail
Overview
Owner Norwegian National Rail Administration
Locale Eastern Norway
Transit type Commuter rail
Number of lines 8
Number of stations 128
Website www.nsb.no
Operation
Began operation 1902
Operator(s) Norges Statsbaner
NSB Gjøvikbanen
Number of vehicles 82 Class 69
36 Class 72
24 Class 74
26 Class 75
Technical
System length 553 kilometres (344 mi)
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification 15 kV  16 2⁄3 Hz AC
Top speed 160 km/h (99 mph)

Oslo Commuter Rail (Norwegian: NSB Lokaltog Østlandet) is a commuter rail centered in Oslo, Norway, connecting the capital to six counties in Eastern Norway. The system is operated by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) and its subsidiary NSB Gjøvikbanen, using Class 69 and Class 72 electric multiple units (EMU). The network spans eight routes and 128 stations, with Oslo Central Station (Oslo S) as the central hub. The trains run on 553 kilometers (344 mi) of electrified mainline railway owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. Deficits are financed by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, although the network also has a ticketing cooperation with Ruter, the public transport authority in Oslo and Akershus. The network is the longest commuter rail network in the Nordic countries, and among top ten in Europe.

The commuter rail operates mainly within Greater Oslo and two of the lines only provide services within the urban area. Six of the lines span beyond the urban area, reaching the counties of Østfold, Hedmark, Oppland and Buskerud. The system is also an airport rail link to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. West of Oslo, the system uses the Drammen, Asker, Spikkestad and Sørland lines, north of Oslo it uses the Gjøvik Line, east of Oslo it uses the Trunk, Gardermoen and Kongsvinger lines and south of Oslo it follows the Østfold and Eastern Østfold lines.

The system's predecessors date back to the opening of the Trunk Line in 1854. By 1902, all the routes used by the present commuter rail had been taken into service. Electrification started in 1922, and Class 62 EMUs were introduced in 1931, followed by Class 65 units in 1936 and Class 67 in 1953. Electrification was completed in 1963. In 1980, the Drammen Line was connected to the rest of the system and all trains started operating to the new Oslo S. The high-speed Gardermoen Line opened in 1998. In 2013, new Stadler FLIRT units were taken into traffic, and the Asker Line was completed just before. By 2018, the Follo Line is scheduled to open.

Network

Map of the commuter rail

The Oslo Commuter Rail runs entirely on mainline railways owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. The commuter rail uses ten lines, utilizing a line length of 553 kilometers (344 mi).[1][2] The lines are all electrified at 15 kV  16 2⁄3 Hz AC[3] and consists of 128 stations.[4] The Asker, Drammen, Gardermoen and Østfold lines, and part of the Trunk Line, have double track, accounting for 204 kilometers (127 mi), while the rest of the network has single track.[1]

Oslo S is the central hub of the commuter rail. Located in the central business district of Oslo, all lines either terminate at, or run through the station. From Oslo S, there are four main corridors. All trains running through the West Corridor continue along either the North, South or East Corridor. Because there are more services in the latter three, some of these terminate at Oslo S.[4]

West

Along the West Corridor, the Drammen Line runs straight into the Oslo Tunnel, which starts directly beneath Oslo S. Trains run through Nationaltheatret, Norway's second-largest station, while in the tunnel.[5] Just after surfacing, trains halt at Skøyen. Four of the routes see their trains terminate at Skøyen, while the remaining four continue onwards to Lysaker.[4] After Lysaker, Line 400 continues stopping at all nine stations serving suburbs in Bærum and Asker, before reaching Asker Station, which serves as the terminus for most Line 400 services.[4] For Line 400, Asker is 35 minutes[6] and 24 kilometers (15 mi) from Oslo S.[7]

Lines 440, 450 and 550 only call at Sandvika before Asker, and use the Asker Line between the two stations.[4] After Asker Station, Line 550 branches off along the Spikkestad Line and calls at seven stations in Asker and Røyken before terminating at Spikkestad Station.[4] Spikkestad is 44 minutes[8] and 37 kilometers (23 mi) from Oslo S.[9] Lines 440 and 450, and some Line 400 trains, continue through the Lieråsen Tunnel and make two more stops before reaching Drammen.[4] Drammen is 39 minutes[10] and 42 kilometers (26 mi) from Oslo S.[7] Only Line 450 continues, along the Sørland Line, calling at seven stops in Eiker and Kongsberg before terminating at Kongsberg Station.[4] Kongsberg is 1 hour and 20 minutes,[10] and 89 kilometers (55 mi) from Oslo S.[11]

East

Commuters boarding a Class 69 unit at Lørenskog Station

Along the East Corridor, Line 400 follows the Trunk Line and makes eleven stops serving suburban areas in Oslo, Lørenskog and Skedsmo before reaching Lillestrøm Station, where the line terminates.[4] For Line 400, Lillestrøm is located 29 minutes[6] and 21 kilometres (13 mi) from Oslo S.[12] Lines 440, 450 and 460 use the Gardermoen Line and the Romerike Tunnel to run directly to Lillestrøm.[13] From there, lines 440 and 450 run along the Trunk Line, making four and two stops, respectively. After Kløfta Station, Line 440 continues along the Trunk Line, making three more stops until terminating at Dal Station.[4] Dal is 34 minutes[14] and 57 kilometers (35 mi) from Oslo S.[15] Line 450 switches to the Gardermoen Line, and calls at Oslo Airport Station and Eidsvoll Verk Station before terminating at Eidsvoll Station.[4] Eidsvoll is 51 minutes[13] and 64 kilometers (40 mi) from Oslo S.[1] Line 460 branches from Lillestrøm and operates along the Kongsvinger Line. It calls at eleven stations and enters Hedmark before Årnes Station, where most trains terminate.[4] Årnes is 53 minutes[16] and 58 kilometers (36 mi) from Oslo S.[17] A limited number of trains make express services to Årnes, then call at up to five more stations before reaching Kongsvinger Station,[4] which is 1 hour and 10 minutes,[16] and 100 kilometers (62 mi) from Oslo S.[17] Several of these Kongsvinger trains are actually Swedish inter-city trains to Karlstad and two per day to Stockholm. These trains act like local trains in Norway and get financial support for that, needed to make them profitable.

South

Skøyen Station is the terminus for many services

Along the South Corridor, three lines follow the Østfold Line. Line 500 makes 12 stops before terminating at Ski Station,[4] which is 31 minutes[18] and 24 kilometers (15 mi) from Oslo S.[19] Line 550 and 560 make only one stop each, at Kolbotn and Holmlia, respectively, before Ski. Southwards, Line 550 follows the Western Østfold Line with four intermediate stops before Moss,[4] which is 49 minutes[8] and 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Oslo S. Line 560 runs along the Eastern Østfold Line with 11 intermediate stops before Mysen Station,[4] which is 1 hour and 5 minutes[20] and 63 kilometers (39 mi) from Oslo S.[21] A limited number of services continue with two more stops before terminating at Rakkestad Station, which is 1 hour and 21 minutes,[20] and 68 kilometers (42 mi) from Oslo S.[21]

North

North of Oslo, NSB Gjøvikbanen operates along the Gjøvik Line. Trains operate either to Hakadal Station, Jaren Station or Gjøvik Station. The line is the only one to enter Oppland and calls at 23 stations north of Oslo S.[22][23] Hakadal is 43 minutes[22] and 32 kilometers (20 mi) from Oslo S,[24] while Jaren is 1 hour and 25 minutes,[22] and 72 kilometers (45 mi) from Oslo S.[24] Gjøvik is the station furthest from Oslo, located 123 kilometers (76 mi)[1] and 1 hour and 55 minutes away.[22]

From December 2012, only the stretch between Oslo and Jaren are considered part of the commuter rail network, with 1-2 local trains per hour per direction. Additionally, regional trains go to Gjøvik once per two hours, skipping 7 of the 11 stops closest to Oslo.

Service

Seven of the lines are operated by the Norwegian State Railways, owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications,[25] while the Gjøvik Line is operated by the NSB-owned NSB Gjøvikbanen. The operating deficit is covered by the state for NSB's lines, while NSB Gjøvikbanen's routes are financed by a public service obligation.[26] The trains have two sections, manned and unmanned. Validated ticket-holders can travel in the unmanned section, which have orange doors. Manned sections, with gray doors, have a conductor and allow passengers to purchase tickets. Tickets are available at ticket machines at stations; if bought inboard, there is a 20 Norwegian krone (NOK) surcharge.[27]

Interior of an Class 69D multiple unit

Two of the lines, 400 and 500, are designated as providing inner services. These operate along the Drammen Line to Asker, along the Trunk Line to Lillestrøm and the Østfold Line to Ski, stopping at all stations. The six other line, which make up the outer services, only make occasional stops on these sections. The inner services operate with a normal headway of 30 minutes, with 15 minutes offered in one direction during rush hour. In late evening and parts of the weekend, this is further reduced to 60 minutes. NSB's outer routes operate with a normal headway of 60 minutes, with rush-hour services offered at 30-minute intervals and late evening service provided every 120 minutes. Services between Årnes and Kongsvinger is limited to five daily services, and from Mysen to Rakkestad with four daily services.[25] The Gjøvik Line runs with a 40-minute headway, with three different stopping patterns. One calls at all stations until Hakadal, one calls at most stations until Jaren, while one is an express service that runs the line's full length to Gjøvik.[22]

Within Oslo and Akershus, NSB has an agreement with the public transport authority Ruter to use their fares and ticketing system to ease transfer between the commuter rail and other forms of public transport.[28] Ruter makes use of a zone system, including a single-zone fare within Oslo.[29] From 2010, the contactless ticket system Flexus is being introduced.[30] In Oslo, there is transfer to the Oslo Metro at Oslo S (to Jernbanetorget), at Nationaltheatret and at Grefsen (to Storo). Transfer to the Oslo Tramway is possible from Oslo S, Nationaltheatret, Skøyen and Grefsen.[31] At Moss, there is transfer to the Moss–Horten Ferry.[32] Line 450 provides connection to Norway's main international airport, Oslo Airport, Gardermoen.[33]

Rolling stock

Two Class 69 units at Kongsvinger Station; new livery to the left, old livery to the right

NSB Class 69 is a series of 88 two and three-car electric multiple units built by Strømmens Værksted between 1970 and 1993. A motor car has a power output of 1,188 kilowatts (1,593 hp), allowing a speed of 130 kilometers per hour (81 mph). Each car is 24.85 meters (81.5 ft) long, with motor cars weighing 64.0 to 53.9 tonnes (63.0 to 53.0 long tons; 70.5 to 59.4 short tons) and end cars weighing down to 28.8 tonnes (28.3 long tons; 31.7 short tons). Typical seating capacity is 96 passengers in the motor cars and 112 passengers in the end cars.[34] The class was delivered in four versions, named A through D. After the initial delivery of fifteen 69As in 1970 and 1971, twenty 69Bs were delivered in 1974 and 1975. These were designed to operate on longer sections and were equipped with only one door per car. This turned out to extend stopping time too much, and the C and D versions were delivered with two doors per car. From 1975 to 1977, NSB took delivery of fourteen 69Cs and from 1983 to 1993 thirty-nine 69Ds. The latter is distinguishable because of its different front. NSB operates both two- and three-car sets, and up to three units can be run in multiple, allowing NSB to operate any train length from two to nine cars.[35] Eighty-two units remain in service, although some of those are used on the Bergen Commuter Rail and the Arendal Line.[36]

A Class 72 unit at Røyken Station

NSB Class 72 is a series of 36 four-car electric multiple units built by AnsaldoBreda. The units are permanently coupled together using Jacobs bogies. Each unit has a power output of 2,550 kilowatts (3,420 hp), allowing a top speed of 160 kilometers per hour (99 mph). The trains are 85.57 metres (280.7 ft) long and weigh 156 tonnes (154 long tons; 172 short tons), and have seating for 310 passengers and one toilet.[37] The trains have better accessibility than Class 69 and unlike their predecessors are equipped with an electronic public information system. Some of the 36 units are used on the Jæren Commuter Rail.[38]

42 new electric multiple units called Class 75 were delivered 2013-2015. Similar units called Class 74 adopted for regional rail were delivered in 2012-2013.

Retired

NSB Class 62 was a series of four multiple units built in 1931 and 1933 by Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk and Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri (NEBB). The units had a power output of 344 kilowatts (461 hp), giving a top speed of 70 kilometers per hour (43 mph). The motor cars were built in wood, were 20.60 meters (67.6 ft) long, weighed 43.2 tonnes (42.5 long tons; 47.6 short tons) and seated 73 passengers. They ran mostly on the Drammen Line and were in service around Oslo from 1931 to 1953.[39]

NSB Class 65 and NSB Class 67 were two similar series of electric multiple units, all built by Skabo and NEBB. Class 65 was delivered in three versions, named A through C. Class A and B were rebuilt passenger wagons. Fouteen units of Class 65A were built from 1936 to 1939 and had a wooden body. Thirteen units of Class 65B were delivered in 1941 and 1942 and was built with a steel frame. They were 22 centimeters (8.7 in) longer than the A-series. Twenty-two Class 65C units were built from 1949 to 1952. From 1949 to 1950, 17 middle and end cars were delivered for the Class 65 units.[40] Class 67 was a series of 18 units built from 1953 to 1955. They had a slightly more advanced technological system, but were otherwise often run mixed with Class 65 units.[41] The Class 65 motor cars had a power output of 464 kilowatts (622 hp) and a top speed of 70 kilometers per hour (43 mph). They were 20.70 meters (67.9 ft) long, weighed 42.5 to 46.6 tonnes (41.8 to 45.9 long tons; 46.8 to 51.4 short tons) and had a seating capacity for 66 passengers. Class 65 remained in service until 1993 and Class 67 until 1995.[42]

Many NSB Class 69 units were taken out from traffic in 2013-2015, replaced by Class 75 units.

History

Steam locomotive passing over Sandvikselven in the 1880s

The first part of what is now the Oslo Commuter Rail was the Trunk Line, which opened on 1 September 1854 between Oslo East Station (Oslo Ø, located at the same place as the current Oslo S), and Eidsvoll. The line was at first private, although it was nationalized in 1926.[43] On 3 October 1862, the Kongsvinger Line opened from Lillestrøm to Kongsvinger.[44] The Østfold Line opened from Oslo Ø to Moss and onwards to Halden on 2 January 1879,[45] followed by the Eastern Østfold Line from Ski via Mysen to Sarpsborg on 24 November 1882.[46]

West of Oslo, the first part of the current commuter rail was the Randsfjord Line (parts of which have since become part of the Sørland Line), which opened on 15 November 1866 between Drammen and Vikersund.[47] The Sørland Line from Hokksund to Kongsberg opened on 10 November 1871 and connected to the Randsfjord Line.[11] On 7 October 1872, the Drammen Line opened from Oslo West Station (Oslo V) to Drammen. This line, along with the section from Drammen to Kongsberg, were built with 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge and did not connect to the main station of Oslo Ø.[48] The Gjøvik Line opened from Grefsen to Jaren on 20 December 1900, and from Oslo Ø to Grefsen and from Jaren to Gjøvik on 28 November 1902.[23]

Class 62 multiple unit at Skillebekk Station in 1929

In 1903 and 1904, the Trunk Line was upgraded to double track.[43] The section from Drammen to Kongsberg was converted to standard gauge on 1 November 1909.[11][47] Between 1917 and 1920, dual gauge was laid between Oslo V and Drammen, and from 13 November 1922, the Drammen Line was entirely operated with standard gauge.[49] The first electrification of NSB's lines was put into service on 26 October 1922 on the Drammen Line between Oslo V and Brakerøya.[50] The section from Oslo V to Sandvika was upgraded to double track on 26 November 1922.[49] From 1922, NSB introduced El 1-hauled passenger trains on the Drammen Line, and later other lines.[51]

The next electrification occurred on the Trunk Line from Oslo Ø to Lillestrøm on 1 September 1927, the Randsfjord Line from Drammen to Kongsberg on 10 April 1929 and the Drammen Line from Drammen to Brakerøya on 6 May 1930.[50] El 5 locomotives were acquired for the Trunk Line.[52] Electric multiple units were put into service in 1931, with the delivery of four Class 62 units on the route from Oslo V to Sandvika. These proved not to be sufficiently powerful for the large traffic and were later moved to less used services from Oslo V to Asker or Heggedal.[53] The class remained on the commuter rail service until 1953.[54]

Class 65 multiple unit at Oslo V in 1939

From 1936, NSB took delivery of Class 65 multiple units, replacing El 1 as the primary hauler on the electrified commuter rail network.[55] Class 65 were the first that were optimized for local traffic, with wide doors and turnable seats.[56] NSB took delivery of 49 units until 1952, although they were also used outside the commuter rail network.[55] The Østfold Line was upgraded to double track and put into service in four sections: from Bekkelaget to Ljan on 1 June 1924, from Oslo Ø to Bekkelaget on 15 May 1929, from Ljan to Kolbotn on 15 December 1936 and from Kolbotn to Ski on 14 May 1939.[45] The Østfold Line was also the next line to be electrified, which opened in sections between 1936 and 1940.[57] NSB took into use El 8 locomotives on the line.[58]

On 15 June 1953, the Trunk Line from Lillestrøm to Eidsvoll took electrification into use.[59] Further upgrades on the Drammen Line installing double track were put into service on 24 July 1953 from Billingstad to Hvalstad, on 29 November 1955 from Hvalstad to Asker and on 9 November 1958 from Sandvika to Billingstad.[49] Between 1953 and 1955, NSB took delivery of 18 Class 67 multiple units. While visually similar to Class 65, they had improved technology and reliability.[41] On 1 February 1961, the Gjøvik Line from Oslo Ø to Tøyen was put into service with double track and the line from Oslo Ø to Jaren put into service as electrified. Double track from Tøyen to Grefsen opened on 27 May 1962 and the sections from Jaren to Gjøvik was electrified in 1963.[23]

NSB Gjøvikbanen, here at Nittedal Station, won the bid to operate the Gjøvik Line for ten years, starting in 2006.

In the 1960s, NSB found the need for a new generation of trains.[60] Class 69 was built in aluminum and were longer, allowing for more passengers per car. They had a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph); this had a significant cost impact, as it allowed not only faster travel time, but allowed the services from Oslo Ø to Lillestrøm and Ski to run fast enough to dispense with one third of the previous number of units. Combined with the increased size, NSB could replace three three-car trains with two two-car trains.[61] At the same time, some smaller stops were terminated to allow faster travel time.[62] Eighty-eight units were delivered in four series between 1970 and 1993, with later series having a three-car configuration.[34] On 3 June 1973, the 10.7-kilometer (6.6 mi) long Lieråsen Tunnel opened, shortening the Drammen Line by 11.7 kilometers (7.3 mi). The 13.7-kilometer (8.5 mi) long section from Asker to Spikkestad was kept as a branch line, and named the Spikkestad Line, while the section from Spikkestad to Brakerøya was removed.[63]

Oslo Central Station became the main hub for all commuter trains from 1989.

The Oslo Tunnel opened on 30 May 1980, connecting the Drammen Line to Oslo Ø. Initially, only the Lillestrøm– Drammen/Spikkestad lines used the tunnel, in addition to some services from Eidsvoll and Årnes to Skøyen. At the same time, Oslo Ø was rebuilt to the 19-platform Oslo S, which was put into service on 26 November 1986.[64] Oslo V was closed on 27 May 1989.[65]

In 1993, NSB received a large delivery of middle cars for the majority of the Class 69 units, allowing NSB to operate them as three-car trains.[66] Between 1992 and 1996, a new, upgraded double track was put into service between Ski and Moss. The section is capable of speeds from 160 to 200 kilometres per hour (99 to 124 mph).[67] The Gardermoen Line opened as Norway's first high-speed line on 8 October 1998. The line runs parallel to the Trunk Line from Oslo S to Eidsvoll, via Oslo Airport, Gardermoen—which opened the same day. The section from Oslo S to Lillestrøm, consisting mainly of the Romerike Tunnel, was delayed because of leaks in the tunnel, and opened on 22 August 1999.[68] In 1997, NSB ordered 36 Class 72 multiple units to supplement and replace existing material.[69] They were pained green and branded as part of the NSB Puls scheme, which was quickly abandoned. The four-car units were taken into service in 2002.[38]

The ministry decided in the early 2000s to make the services on the Gjøvik Line subject to public service obligations, as a trial to privatize operation of all passenger train services in Norway.[70] In the tender, NSB's subsidiary, NSB Anbud (since renamed NSB Gjøvikbanen) won the ten-year contract, after having underbid Veolia Transport Norge and DSB.[26] Nine Class 69 trains were upgraded and designated 69G and will operate until 2015 on the Gjøvik Line.[71] Because of a cabinet change in 2005, the PSO contracting was terminated.[72][73] On 27 August 2005, the Asker Line opened between Sandvika and Asker, allowing trains to bypass the many local stations at 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).[74]

In 2011, the Asker Line from Lysaker to Sandvika, and a new Lysaker Station opened. This increased the capacity and regularity along the Drammen Line.[75] The opening of four tracks at Lysaker will allow NSB to run all local trains that previously have run to Skøyen all the way to Lysaker. The closed Høvik Station will be used to turn trains. The Oslo Tunnel remains the bottleneck west of Oslo, so no more trains can run westwards, although more will be able to continue past Skøyen.[76]

Lysaker Station is the eastern terminus of the Asker Line.

In 2008, NSB ordered 50 Stadler FLIRT multiple units, to be designated Class 74 and 75, and later 16 more Class 75. 42 of these, class 75, have a commuter train configuration. NSB holds an option for an additional 84 units. The trains have a maximum speed of 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph) and a faster acceleration than the older classes. The combination of the Asker Line and more rolling stock allows NSB to operate a more aggressive service after a major restructuring of the lines in 2012. In particular, there are between five and seven-minute headway on the sections between Asker and Lillestrøm, and a twenty-minute headway to Oslo Airport and Eidsvoll.[77]

Future

The next larger railway construction around Oslo is scheduled to be the Follo Line, which will connect Oslo Central Station directly with Ski. The 22.5-kilometer (14.0 mi) long line is planned to be built nearly entirely in a single tunnel and will allow speeds at 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph). It will allow higher speeds and capacity southwards for the lines to Moss and Rakkestad, as well as regional trains to Østfold and Sweden.[78] The line is scheduled for completion in 2018.[79] Parliament has passed the Ringerike Line, which would run from Sandvika to Hønefoss Station on the Bergen Line. While mainly proposed as a shortening of the Bergen Line, the line would double up as a commuter train line, allowing Hønefoss and Ringerike significantly faster public transport to the capital area. The line would be 40 kilometers (25 mi) long and allow speeds of 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph). However, no financing has been secured for the project.[80]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Jernbanen i tall" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  2. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 33, 37, 51, 58, 156, 182
  3. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 13
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Lokaltogkart" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  5. ↑ Holøs (1990): 178
  6. 1 2 "(Drammen) – Asker – Oslo – Lillestrøm" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  7. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 150
  8. 1 2 "Spikkestad – Asker – Oslo – Moss" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  9. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 151
  10. 1 2 "Eidsvoll – Oslo – Drammen – Kongsberg" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 Bjerke (1994): 182
  12. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 32
  13. 1 2 Navarsete, Liv Signe. "Skriftleg spørsmål fra Borghild Tenden (V) til samferdselsministeren" (in Norwegian). Parliament of Norway. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
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  15. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 33
  16. 1 2 "Skøyen – Årnes – Kongsvinger" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  17. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 39
  18. ↑ "Skøyen – Oslo – Ski" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  19. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 50
  20. 1 2 "Skøyen – Oslo – Mysen – Sarpsborg" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  21. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 58
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Skøyen – Oslo S – Hakadal – Jaren – Gjøvik" (PDF). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  23. 1 2 3 Bjerke (1994): 112
  24. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 114
  25. 1 2 "Trafikkavtalen 2007–2010". Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  26. 1 2 "Gjøvikbanen: Samferdselsdepartementet vil inngå trafikkavtale med NSB Anbud AS". Government.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. 30 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
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  29. ↑ "Sonesystemet" (in Norwegian). Ruter. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
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  32. ↑ "Moss". Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  33. ↑ "Travel with NSB to Oslo Airport Gardermoen (OSL)". Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  34. 1 2 Aspenberg (2001): 170
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  36. ↑ "Type 69 - "Arbeidshesten"" (in Norwegian). Norwegian State Railways. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  37. ↑ "EMU for Norwegian Railways". AnsaldoBreda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  38. 1 2 "Type 72" (in Norwegian). Norwegian State Railways. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
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  40. ↑ Aspenberg (2001): 137–138
  41. 1 2 Aspenberg (2001): 156
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  43. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 31
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  45. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 49
  46. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 56
  47. 1 2 Bjerke (1994): 155
  48. ↑ Bjerke (1994): 148
  49. 1 2 3 Bjerke (1994): 149
  50. 1 2 Aspenberg (2001): 31
  51. ↑ Aspenberg (2001): 46
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  55. 1 2 Aspenberg (2001): 137
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  60. ↑ Aspenberg (2001): 169
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  62. ↑ Aspenberg (2001): 178
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  64. ↑ Holøs (1990): 153
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  66. ↑ Aspenberg (2001): 177
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  73. ↑ "Varsler full stopp i togkonkurransen". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 31 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  74. ↑ "Sandvika-Asker åpnet" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. 29 August 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  75. ↑ "Lysaker – Sandvika Fra to til fire spor" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. 2007. Archived from the original (pdf) on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  76. ↑ Skovdahl, Ove (2 December 2009). "Oslo S og Oslotunnelen; sporforbindelser, muligheter og umuligheter" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (pdf) on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  77. ↑ Eidem, Magnus (9 August 2008). "Milliard-Flirt for NSB". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  78. ↑ "Nytt dobbeltspor Oslo S - Ski" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  79. ↑ "Korridor 1 Oslo – Svinesund/Kornsjø" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  80. ↑ "Bergensbanens forkortelse - Ringeriksbanen: Regjeringen går inn for "Åsa-korridoren"". Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. 31 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.

Bibliography

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