Otto Ciliax

Otto Ciliax
Born	30 October 1891 Neudietendorf, Germany
Died	12 December 1964 (aged 73) Lübeck-Travemünde, Germany
Allegiance	German Empire (to 1918)  Weimar Republic (to 1933)  Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Kaiserliche Marine  Reichsmarine  Kriegsmarine
Years of service	1910–45
Rank	Admiral
Unit	SMS Victoria Louise SMS Württemberg SMS Vulkan SMS Hannover SM U-52
Commands held	SM UB-96 SM UC-27 torpedo boat: T 92, T 107, T 140, T 145, T 181 battleship Scharnhorst Commander of the German Battleships
Battles/wars	World War I Spanish Civil War World War II Operation Cerberus
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Otto Ciliax (30 October 1891 – 12 December 1964) was a German naval officer who served in the navies of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. As an admiral during World War II, he commanded the German battleships. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), awarded to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

Early life and career

Ciliax was born on 30 October 1891 in Neudietendorf, at the time part of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He joined the military service of the Imperial German Navy on 1 April 1910 as a Seekadett of "Crew 1910" (the incoming class of 1910). He started his first naval infantry training course with the sea cadet detachment on SMS Victoria Louise on 7 April 1910.^{[Tr 1]} On-board training on Victory Louise began on 13 May before he was transferred to the Naval Academy Mürwik on 1 April 1911 for the main cadet and officer course.^{[Tr 2][Tr 3][1]} Afterwards, starting on 1 October 1912 he served on the battleship SMS Hannover and was promoted to Leutnant zur See (acting sub-lieutenant/ensign) on 27 September 1913.

World War I

Ciliax was still serving on Hannover when World War I broke out on 28 July 1914. He was a watch officer on SM U-52 when it sank the cruiser HMS Nottingham on 19 August 1916. After completing submarine commander's training, he was given SM UB-96 in June 1918 and SM UC-27 in September that year.

Between the wars

He remained with the Reichsmarine after the German collapse of 1918, serving as torpedo boat commander and staff officer, heading the operations department (Operationsabteilung) of the Naval High Command (Oberkommando der Marine) in 1936. In 1936 he was given command of the German cruiser Admiral Scheer (22 September 1936 – 30 October 1938) and served as the Commander of the Sea-Force (Befehlshaber der Seestreitkräfte "Spanien") from 22 March 1938 to 26 June 1938 during the Spanish Civil War. He commanded the German battleship Scharnhorst when war broke out in September 1939.

World War II

In June 1941 he became Type Commander, Battleships (Befehlshaber der Schlachtschiffe). In this position he commanded Operation Cerberus, better known as "the Channel Dash", when German battleships, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen and a number of other smaller vessels were transferred from Brest to their respective home bases in Germany for planned deployment to Norwegian waters in February 1942. Ciliax flew his flag on Scharnhorst. Although the success of the operation was seen as an embarrassment to the British because the ships were able to pass through the English Channel almost undetected (though both Scharnhorst and Gneisenau struck a minefield en route), the transfer from Brest to Germany eliminated the threat they had posed to Allied shipping in the Atlantic. From March 1943 until April 1945 Ciliax was Commander-in-Chief of German naval forces in Norway (Marinekommando Norwegen).^[2]

Awards

• Iron Cross (1914)
  • 2nd Class (13 June 1916)^[3]
  • 1st Class (6 November 1916)^[3]
• Knight's Cross Second Class of the Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order with Swords^[4]
• Military Merit Cross 3rd class with war decoration (Austria-Hungary)
• U-boat War Badge (1918)
• Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th to 1st Class (2 October 1936)^[4]
• Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (6 June 1939)^[4]
• Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (January 1940)^[3]
  • 1st Class (April 1940)^[4]
• Commander's Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (11 March 1941)^[4]
• Medal for the Campaign of 1936−1939 (Spain)
• German Cross in Gold on 20 November 1941 as Vizeadmiral and commander of the battleships^[5]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 March 1942 as Vizeadmiral and commander of the battleships^[6][7]
• High Seas Fleet Badge (1941)^[4]
• Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 13 February 1942

Promotions

1 April 1910:	Seekadett (Midshipman)[4]
15 April 1911:	Fähnrich zur See (Officer Cadet) with patent L1[4]
15 April 1912:	Fähnrich zur See (Officer Cadet) with patent A[4]
27 September 1913:	Leutnant zur See (Ensign or Acting Sub-Lieutenant) with patent B[4]
22 March 1916:	Oberleutnant zur See (Lieutenant Junior Grade or Sub-Lieutenant) with patent B[4]
29 June 1920:	Kapitänleutnant (Captain Lieutenant) with patent C[4]
1 October 1928:	Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain)[4]
1 October 1933:	Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain)[4]
1 July 1935:	Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea)[4]
1 November 1939:	Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral)[4]
1 June 1941:	Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral)[4]
1 February 1943:	Admiral (Admiral)[4]

Translation notes

1. sea cadet detachment —Seekadettendetachement
2. cadet course—Lehrgang für Fähnriche
3. officer course—Lehrgang für Offiziere

References

Citations

1. Dörr 1995, p. 128.
2. Hildebrand & Henriot 1988, pp. 207–208.
3. Dörr 1995, p. 129.
4. Dörr 1995, p. 130.
5. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 73.
6. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 154.
7. Scherzer 2007, p. 260.

Bibliography

• Dörr, Manfred (1995). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine—Band 1: A–K [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Surface Forces of the Navy—Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2453-2.
• Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
• Hildebrand, Hans H.; Henriot, Ernest (1988). A-G. Deutschlands Admirale 1849–1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der See-, Ingenieur-, Sanitäts-, Waffen- und Verwaltungsoffiziere im Admiralsrang (in German). Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag. ISBN 3-7648-1499-3.
• Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
• Potter, John Deane (1982) [1970]. Breakout. Toronto; New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-20749-1.
• Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
• Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 2, 1. Januar 1942 bis 31. Dezember 1943 [The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 2, 1 January 1942 to 31 December 1943] (in German). München, Germany: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1985. ISBN 978-3-423-05944-2.

External links

• "Otto Ciliax". Geocites. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
• "Otto Ciliax". Ritterkreuzträger 1939–45 (in German). Retrieved 30 August 2014.
• "Kriegsbriefe von der "Tirpitz"". Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 30 August 2014.