Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 BC)

Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (c. 122 BC – 44 BC), was a Roman politician and general who was Roman consul in 79 BC. He was granted the agnomen Isauricus after his victories over the pirates in Cilicia.

Early career and supporter of Sulla

Vatia Isauricus was the son of Gaius Servilius Vatia and a member of the Plebeian branch of the gens Servilia, while his mother was Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.

A traditionalist, he was among the group of young Roman nobles who killed Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in the Curia Hostilia after his failed revolt.^[1] It has been conjectured that he served as Plebeian Tribune in 97 BC.^[2] He held the office of Praetor in 90 BC, following which he was given a propraetoreal governorship in 89 BC, with his province being either Corsica et Sardinia or Cilicia.^[3] Due to some unrecorded victories in his province, Vatia Isauricus was awarded a triumph in 88 BC upon his return to Rome.^[4]

In 88 BC, with the support of the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Vatia Isauricus put himself forward as Sulla's preferred candidate for the consular elections of 87 BC,^[5] but was defeated in the subsequent election by Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a supporter of Gaius Marius.^[6] In 87 BC, he was one of Sulla’s lieutenant’s in Italy, and he attempted to stop the return of Gaius Marius and his supporters, but was driven from Ariminum by Marcus Marius Gratidianus, who took command of his army. Sometime after this defeat he fled Italy to join Sulla in Greece.^[7]

Vatia Isauricus returned to Italy in 82 BC with Sulla, and was put in charge of an army which defeated some Marian forces at Clusium.^[8] Later, in September of 82 BC, Vatia Isauricus was one of Pompey's lieutenants at the Second Battle of Clusium (82 BC). Sulla was made Dictator after his victory, and in 79 BC, he appointed Vatia Isauricus as consul alongside Appius Claudius Pulcher.^[9] While Vatia Isauricus was still consul designate, he opposed the awarding of a triumph to the young Pompey.^[10]

Campaign against the pirates

After his consulship, in 78 BC Vatia Isauricus was assigned the post of proconsular governor of Cilicia, with the responsibility of clearing out the pirates which had been ravaging shipping for many years. The posting lasted until 74 BC, with the first year allocated to the military preparations, and the following two years he fought a combined naval and land campaign against pirates and the Isauri in Cilicia.^[11] From 77 to 76 BC, he achieved a number of naval victories against the pirates off the Cilician coast, and was able to occupy the Lycian and Pamphylian coasts.^[12] After the pirates fled to their fortified strongholds, Vatia Isauricus began attacking their coastal fortresses. He captured the town of Olympos and killed the pirate captain Zenicetus.^[1] He then went on to capture Phaselis before subduing Corycus and a number of minor pirate strongholds, capturing a number of pirate captains in the process, including the famous Nicon.^[13]

Then in 75 BC he advanced across the Taurus Mountains (the first time a Roman army had crossed these mountains) and succeeded in defeating the Isauri along the northern slopes. He laid siege to their principal town, Isaura, and managed to capture it after diverting the course of a river, thereby depriving the defenders in the town from their only source of water, after which they soon surrendered.^[13] It was during this part of the campaign that he was acclaimed Imperator by his legions.^[14] By 74 BC, Vatia Isauricus had organized the territory he had conquered and incorporated it into the province of Cilicia.^[13]

Upon his return to Rome in 74 BC he was granted a triumph, as well as being awarded the agnomen Isauricus for his victories in Isauria. After parading the captured pirates in his triumph, he deposited the entire war booty he had captured into the treasury and kept none for himself, unlike the rest of his peers, for which he was widely acclaimed.^[15]

Later career

By now, Vatia Isauricus was considered one of the leading members of the Senate, and sometime prior to 76 BC, Vatia Isauricus was admitted to the College of Pontiffs.^[16] In 70 BC, Vatia served as one of the judges in the trial of Gaius Verres, while in 66 BC he supported the proposal of Gaius Manilius to give Pompey the command of the renewed war against the pirates.^[13] In 63 BC he was a candidate for the position of pontifex maximus, but was defeated by Julius Caesar, who had served under him in his war against the pirates the decade before. Towards the end of that same year he had supported the consul Cicero in the suppression of the Catiline conspiracy, and spoke in the senate in favour of imposing the death penalty upon Catiline and his supporters.^[13]

In 57 BC, he joined the other members of the aristocracy to bring about Cicero’s return from banishment, while in the following year (56 BC) he opposed in the senate the restoration of Ptolemy XII Auletes, preferring instead to annex Egypt as a Roman province.^[13] In 55 BC he was elected censor, a position he held until at least July 54 BC. During his time as censor, he and his colleague attempted to regulate the stream of the Tiber River after a destructive flood in 54 BC.^[17]

From 55 to 44 BC, Vatia Isauricus was the Princeps Senatus.^[18] Due to his being close to 80 years of age, he took no part in the civil wars and died in the early summer of 44 BC.^[19]

Vatia Isauricus was the father of the consul of 48 BC and 41 BC, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. He also had a daughter named Servilia.

See also

• Servilia (gens)

Sources

• Broughton, T. Robert S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II (1952).
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol III (1867).

Notes

1. Smith, pg. 1232
2. Broughton, pg. 5
3. Broughton, pgs. 26 & 35
4. Broughton, pgs. 35 & 42
5. Keaveney, Arthur, Sulla: The Last Republican (1982), pg. 71
6. Broughton, pg. 43
7. Broughton, pg. 51
8. Broughton, pg. 72
9. Broughton, pg. 82
10. Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 14:4
11. Broughton, pg. 87
12. Broughton, pg. 90
13. Smith, pg. 1233
14. Broughton, pg. 99
15. Liv. Epit. 90, 93; Oros. v. 23 ; Florus iii. 6 ; Eutrop. vi. 3 ; Strabo xiv. pp. 667, 671 ; Frontinus Stratagemata iii. 7. § 1; Cicero In Verrem i. 21, iii. 90, v. 26, 30, De lege agraria i. 2, ii. 19 ; Valerius Maximus viii. 5. § 6 ; comp. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iv. pp. 396, 397.)
16. Broughton, pgs. 114 & 333; Smith pg. 1233
17. Broughton, pg. 215
18. Broughton, pg. 127
19. Broughton, pg. 333