Peng'im

Peng'im (Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³(Teochew) Dio⁷ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³(Swatow)) is a Teochew dialect romanisation system as a part of Guangdong Romanisation published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 . Tone of this system is based on Swatow dialect. The system uses Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones. Since Teochew dialect is a sub-dialect of Southern Min, Pe̍h-ōe-jī can also be used to transcript Teochew dialect. The name "Peng'im" is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.

Contents

Alphabets

This system uses the Latin alphabet, but did not include f、j、q、v、w、x、y. ê is letter e with circumflex.

Initials

There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.

Initials of Teochew dialect
Stop			Nasal	Affricate			Fricative	Lateral
Voiceless（unaspirated）	Voiceless(aspirated)	Voiced（nasal）		Voiceless（unaspirated）	Voiceless（aspirated）	Voiced（affricate）	Voiceless
b [p] 波	p [pʰ] 抱	bh [b] 無	m [m] 毛
d [t] 刀	t [tʰ] 妥	（并入l）	n [n] 挪					l [l] 羅
				z [ʦ] 之	c [ʦʰ] 此	r [ʣ] 而	s [s] 思
g [k] 哥	k [kʰ] 戈	gh [g] 鵝	ng [ŋ] 俄					h [h] 何

b and g can also be used as ending consonants.

Finals

There are 59 finals :

Finals of Teochew dialect
Classes	Open vowel	Mid vowel	Close vowel
Monophthongs		i [i] 衣	u [u] 污
	a [a] 亞	ia [ia] 呀	ua [ua] 娃
	o [o] 窩	io [io] 腰
	ê [e] 啞		uê [ue] 鍋
	e [o] 余
	ai [ai] 哀		uai [uai] 歪
	oi [oi] 鞋		ui [ui] 威
	ao [au] 歐
	ou [ou] 烏	iou [iou] 夭
		iu [iu] 憂
Nasalised		in [ĩ] 丸
	an [ã] 噯	ian [ĩã] 營	uan [ũã] 鞍
		ion [ĩõ] 羊
	ên [ẽ] 楹
	en [ɯ̃] 秧
	ain [ãĩ] 愛
	oin [õĩ] 閑
Nasal vowels		im [im] 音
	am [am][庵][1]	iam [iam] 淹	uam [uam] 凡
		ing [iŋ] 因	ung [uŋ] 溫
	ang [aŋ] 按	iang [iaŋ] 央	uang [uaŋ] 汪
	ong [oŋ] 翁	iong [ioŋ] 雍
	êng [eŋ] 英
Checked tone		ih [iʔ] 裂
	ah [aʔ] 鴨	iah [iaʔ] 益	uah [uaʔ] 活
	oh [oʔ] 學	ioh [ioʔ] 約
	êh [eʔ] 厄
	oih [oiʔ] 狹
		ib [ip̚] 邑
	ab [ap̚] 盒	iab [iap̚] 壓	uab [uap̚] 法
		ig [ik̚] 乙	ug [uk̚] 熨
	ag [ak̚] [惡][1]	iag [iak̚] 躍	uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲][1]
	og [ok̚] 屋	iog [iok̚] 育
	êg [ek̚] 液

Tones

8 tones of Teochew dialect[2]
Tones	陰平(dark flat)	陰上(dark rising)	陰去(dark departing)	陰入(dark entering)	陽平(light flat)	陽上(light rising)	陽去(light departing)	陽入(light entering)
Tone value	33	52	213	2	55	35	11	4
Examples	詩、分	死、粉	世、訓	薛、忽	時、雲	是、混	示、份	蝕、佛
Symbols	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Notations [3]	a	á	à	ah	â	ă	ā	áh

Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.^[4][5] For example:

• 詩 - si¹
• 死 - si²
• 世 - si³
• 薛 - sih⁴

Differences in intitials

This is a list of differences in initials in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.^[6] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.

Shantou	Raoping	Chaozhou	Chenghai	Puning[7]	Jieyang	Chaoyang	Haifeng	Examples
e				e		u	i	余，许，猪，祠
oi				ôi			ei	鞋
uin				ui	ui	uain		跪，柜
oin	oin/êng			ain	ain	ain	ain	闲，殿
oih							eih	狹
iao/iou	iao	iou	iou	io/iao				摇，要
io		ie	ie	io				腰
ion		ien	ien	ion				羊
ioh		ieh	ieh	ioh				借，惜，药，石
am[am]			ang[aŋ]	am[am]				庵
ab[ap]			ag[ak]	ap				盒
iam[iam]		iem[iem]	iang[iaŋ]	iam[iam]				严
iab[iap]		ieb[iep]	iag [iak]	iap				压
im[im]			ing [iŋ]	im				音
ib[ip]			ig [ik]	ip				湿
ang[aŋ]				ang				安
ag [ak]				âk				达
iang[iaŋ]		iêng[ieŋ]		iang				仙
iag [iak]		iêg[iek]		iâk				杰，设
uang[uaŋ]		uêng[ueŋ]		uâng				全，完，缘，弯
uag [uak]		uêg [uek]		uâk				粤
eng [ɯŋ]	eng/ing			êng/ung	êng[eŋ]	ing[iŋ]	ng/eng	斤
eg [ɯk]				êg [ek]	êg [ek]	ig[ik]		乞
ing[iŋ]				ing	êng[eŋ]		in[in]	因
ung[uŋ]				ung			un[un]	温

References

1. 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典（2005年），第545頁。
2. Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.
3. 声调．潮州字典，[2012-8-18]
4. "Teochew · Mogher - 潮州音字典".
5. "潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanisation Scheme", Min-Chaozhou.
6. 潮州話拼音方案（2003年），根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。
7. 根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。