Pentraxins

Pentaxin family

CRP drawn from PDB: 1B09​
Identifiers
Symbol Pentaxin
Pfam PF00354
InterPro IPR001759
PROSITE PDOC00261
SCOP 1sac
SUPERFAMILY 1sac

Pentraxins (PTX), also known as pentaxins, are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins characterised by containing a pentraxin protein domain. Proteins of the pentraxin family are involved in acute immunological responses.[1] They are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They are a superfamily of multifunctional conserved proteins, some of which are components of the humoral arm of innate immunity and behave as functional ancestors of antibodies (Abs). They are known as classical acute phase proteins (APP), known for over a century.[2]

Structure

Pentraxins are characterised by calcium dependent ligand binding and a distinctive flattened β-jellyroll structure similar to that of the legume lectins.[3] The name "pentraxin" is derived from the Greek word for five (penta) and berries (ragos) relating to the radial symmetry of five monomers forming a ring approximately 95Å across and 35Å deep observed in the first members of this family to be identified. The "short" pentraxins include Serum Amyloid P component (SAP) and C reactive protein (CRP). The "long" pentraxins include PTX3 (a cytokine modulated molecule) and several neuronal pentraxins.

Family members

Three of the principal members of the pentraxin family are serum proteins: namely, C-reactive protein (CRP),[4] serum amyloid P component protein (SAP),[5] and female protein (FP).[6] PTX3 (or TSG-14) protein is a cytokine-induced protein that is homologous to CRPs and SAPs, but its function has not yet been determined.

C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is expressed during acute phase response to tissue injury or inflammation in mammals. The protein resembles antibody and performs several functions associated with host defence: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling and phagocytosis, and activates the classical complement pathway through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphocholine.[4] CRPs have also been sequenced in an invertebrate, Limulus polyphemus (Atlantic horseshoe crab), where they are a normal constituent of the hemolymph.

Serum amyloid P component

Serum amyloid P component is a vertebrate protein that is identical to tissue forms of amyloid P component. It is found in all types of amyloid deposits, in glomerular basement membrane and in elastic fibres in blood vessels. SAP binds to various lipoprotein ligands in a calcium-dependent manner, and it has been suggested that, in mammals, this may have important implications in atherosclerosis and amyloidosis.[5]

Hamster female protein

Hamster female protein is a SAP homologue found in Mesocricetus auratus (Golden hamster). The concentration of this plasma protein is altered by sex steroids and stimuli that elicit an acute phase response.[6]

Nervous system

Pentraxin proteins expressed in the nervous system are neural pentraxin I (NPTXI) and II (NPTXII).[7] NPTXI and NPTXII are homologous and can exist within one species. It is suggested that both proteins mediate the uptake of synaptic macromolecules and play a role in synaptic plasticity. Apexin, a sperm acrosomal protein, is a homologue of NPTXII found in Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig).[8]

Human

Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:

References

  1. ↑ Gewurz H, Zhang XH, Lint TF (1995). "Structure and function of the pentraxins". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1016/0952-7915(95)80029-8. PMID 7772283.
  2. ↑ Martinez de la Torre, Y; Fabbri, M (1 May 2010). "Evolution of the pentraxin family: the new entry PTX4.". Journal of immunology. 184 (9): 5055–64. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901672. PMID 20357257.
  3. ↑ Emsley J, White HE, O'Hara BP, Oliva G, Srinivasan N, Tickle IJ, Blundell TL, Pepys MB, Wood SP (January 1994). "Structure of pentameric human serum amyloid P component". Nature. 367 (6461): 338–45. doi:10.1038/367338a0. PMID 8114934.
  4. 1 2 Romero IR, Morris C, Rodriguez M, Mold C, Du Clos TW (1998). "Inflammatory potential of C-reactive protein complexes compared to immune complexes". Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 87 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1006/clin.1997.4516. PMID 9614930.
  5. 1 2 Yutani C, Shimokado K, Li XA (1998). "Serum amyloid P component associates with high density lipoprotein as well as very low density lipoprotein but not with low density lipoprotein". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244 (1): 249–252. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8248. PMID 9514915.
  6. 1 2 Coe JE, Ross MJ (1997). "Electrophoretic polymorphism of a hamster pentraxin, female protein (amyloid P component)". Scand. J. Immunol. 46 (2): 180–182. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-109.x. PMID 9583999.
  7. ↑ Perin MS, Omeis IA, Hsu YC (1996). "Mouse and human neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1): conservation, genomic structure, and chromosomal localization". Genomics. 36 (3): 543–545. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0503. PMID 8884281.
  8. ↑ Reid MS, Blobel CP (1994). "Apexin, an acrosomal pentaxin". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (51): 32615–32620. PMID 7798266.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001759

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