Pioneer (military)

A French pioneer, of the 23rd Line Infantry Regiment, Grande Armée, from the Napoleonic Wars, in the Emperi Museum, Salon-de-Provence, France

A pioneer (/ˌpaɪ.əˈnɪər/) is a soldier employed to perform engineering and construction tasks. The term is in principle similar to sapper.

Pioneers were originally part of the artillery branch of European armies. Subsequently, they formed part of the engineering branch, the logistic branch, part of the infantry; or even comprised a branch in their own right.

Historically, the primary role of pioneer units was to assist other arms in tasks such as the construction of field fortifications, military camps, bridges and roads.[1] Prior to and during the First World War, pioneers were often engaged in the construction and repair of military railways.[2]

During the 20th century, British Commonwealth military forces came to distinguish between small units of "assault pioneers" belonging to infantry regiments and separate pioneer units (as in the former Royal Pioneer Corps). The United States Marine Corps has sometimes organized its sappers into "Pioneer Battalions".[3]

Origin of the term

The word pioneer is originally from France. The word (French: pionnier) was borrowed into English, from Old French pionnier, which meant a "foot soldier", from the root 'peon'[4] recorded in 1523.[5] It was used in a military sense as early as 1626–1627.[6] In the late 18th century, Captain George Smith defined the term as:

PIONEERS, in war-time, are such as are commanded in from the country, to march with an army, for mending the ways, for working on entrenchments, fortifications, and for making mines and approaches: the soldiers are likewise employed in all these things. Most of the foreign regiments of artillery have half a company of pioneers, well instructed in that important branch of duty. Our regiments of infantry and cavalry have 3 or 4 pioneers each, provided with aprons, hatchets, saws, spades, and pick-axes.[7]

Pioneer regiments in the Indian Army

Extensive use was made of pioneers in the British Indian Army because of the demands of campaigning in difficult terrain with little or no infrastructure. In 1780, two companies of pioneers were raised in Madras, increasing to 16 in 1803 divided into two battalions. Bombay and Bengal pioneers were formed during the same period. In the late nineteenth century, a number of existing Indian infantry regiments took the title and the construction role of pioneers.[8] The twelve Indian Pioneer regiments in existence in 1914 were trained and equipped for road, rail and engineering work, as well as for conventional infantry service. While this dual function did not qualify them to be regarded as elite units, the frequency with which they saw active service made postings to pioneer regiments popular with British officers.[9]

Prior to World War I, each sepoy in a Pioneer regiment carried a pickaxe or a light spade in special leather equipment as well as a rifle and bayonet. NCOs and buglers carried axes, saws and billhooks. Heavier equipment, such as explosives, was carried by mule. The unit was therefore well equipped for simple field engineering tasks, as well as being able to defend itself in hostile territory. During the War, the increased specialisation required of Pioneers made them too valuable to use as regular assault infantry. Accordingly, in 1929, the Pioneer regiments were taken out of the line infantry and grouped into the Corps of Madras Pioneers (four battalions), the Corps of Bombay Pioneers (four battalions), the Corps of Sikhs Pioneers (four battalions), and the Corps of Hazara Pioneers (one battalion).[10]

All four Pioneer Corps were disbanded in 1933 and their personnel mostly transferred into the Corps of Sappers and Miners, whose role they had come to parallel. It was concluded that the Pioneer battalions had become less technically effective than the Sappers and Miners, but too well trained in specialist functions to warrant being used as ordinary infantry. In addition, their major role of frontier road building had now been allocated to civilian workers.[11] An Indian Pioneer Corps was re-established in 1943.

Pioneers in the British Army

Historically, British infantry regiments maintained small units of pioneers for heavy work and engineering, especially for clearing paths through forests and for leading assaults on fortifications. These units evolved into assault pioneers. They also inspired the creation of the Royal Pioneer Corps.

During World War I, on paper at least, each division was allocated a pioneer infantry battalion, who in addition to being trained infantry were able to conduct pioneer duties. These pioneer battalions were raised and numbered within the existing infantry regiments; where possible recruits were men who possessed transferable skills from civilian life.

The Royal Pioneer Corps was a British Army combatant corps used for light engineering tasks. The Royal Pioneer Corps was raised on 17 October 1939 as the Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps. It was renamed the Pioneer Corps on 22 November 1940. It was renamed the Royal Pioneer Corps on 28 November 1946. On 5 April 1993, the Royal Pioneer Corps united with other units to form the Royal Logistics Corps.

The specialist pioneer units in the Royal Logistics Corps, 23 Pioneer Regiment, based at St David's Barracks at Bicester, and 168 Pioneer Regiment, headquartered in Prince William of Gloucester Barracks at Grantham, were disbanded in 2014, as part of the Army 2020 re-organisation.

The ARRC Support Battalion is based at Imjin Barracks, Innsworth (until June 2010, it was at Rheindahlen Military Complex, Germany)[12]

All British infantry regiments still maintain assault pioneer units.

Israeli Army

The Israeli army has an infantry brigade called the Fighting Pioneer Youth, in Hebrew Noar Halutzi Lohem or just "Nahal". The title of Israeli military pioneers is a back-derivation from the civilian term. The Israeli army's pioneers were formed in 1948 from Jewish civilian pioneers, i.e. settlers, who were permitted to combine military service and farming.

Pioneer units

United Kingdom

Australia

During World War I, Australia raised six pioneer battalions within the First Australian Imperial Force (1 AIF) for service on the Western Front, one per division:[18]

In World War II, four pioneer battalions were raised as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2 AIF):[19]

Canada

New Zealand

South Africa

Other commonwealth countries

British Indian Army Pioneer Battalions enlisted, drilled and trained as any other native infantry battalion of the line, but received additional construction training.

Nepal

France

Germany

First World War
Imperial German Army pioneers were regarded as a separate combat arm trained in construction and the demolition of fortifications, but they were often used as emergency infantry.[21] One battalion was assigned to each Corps.

Prussian Army pioneer battalions

World War Two
German Army pioneer battalions

Russia

United States

See also

Look up pioneer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Citations and notes

  1. ↑ Pioneers Archived August 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ Dooley, p.170.
  3. ↑ Lane, p.160.
  4. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  5. ↑ Which is in turn derived from pedn-, from Late Latin, "one who has broad feet"
  6. ↑ English Ordnance 1626 to 1643 Archived August 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ Smith, George (1779). An Universal Military Dictionary, or A copious explanation of the technical terms &c. used in the equipment, machinery movements and military operations of an army. Whitehall, London: J. Millan.
  8. ↑ Carman, W.Y. (1969). Indian Army Uniforms under the British: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry. London: Morgan-Grampian.
  9. ↑ Gaylor, John (1992). Sons of John Company – the Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991. Spellmount. ISBN 0-946771-98-7.
  10. ↑ Summer, Ian (2001). The Indian Army 1914–1947. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 46–47. ISBN 1-84176-196-6.
  11. ↑ Gaylor, John (1992). Sons of John Company – the Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991. Spellmount. p. 17. ISBN 0-946771-98-7.
  12. ↑ "Allied Rapid Reaction Corps | HQ ARRC bids farewell to Germany". arrc.nato.int. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  13. ↑ Seven infantry battalions were converted to divisional pioneers in 1917 with a strength of about 600 personnel that could also be used as infantry
  14. ↑ At Field-Marshal Earl Kitchener's suggestion, a pioneer battalion formed part of each of the field infantry divisions, and by June 1916 all divisions possessed a pioneer battalion
  15. ↑ They established great reputations for their prowess as diggers and contained many highly skilled men among the miners in their ranks
  16. ↑ Digging assembly and communication trenches, in providing in advance for the Forwarding of ammunition and supplies, in mining and sapping before the attack
  17. ↑ The only Territorial battalion to take part in the march into Germany, and to help to establish 'Die Wacht am Rhein'.
  18. ↑ "Pioneers". AIF Project. ADFA. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  19. ↑ "Second World War, 1939–1945 units". Australian War Memorial. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  20. ↑ http://foreignlegion.info/traditions/
  21. ↑ Showalter, p.272.
  22. ↑ World War, 1914–1918 – Regimental Histories United States Infantry 1st Pioneer;The Story of the First Pioneer Infantry U.S.A.

References

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Pioneers.
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