Platinum-iridium alloy

The International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) is an artefact standard of platinum-iridium alloy that is defined to be exactly one kilogram mass

Platinum-iridium alloys are alloys of the platinum group precious metals platinum and iridium.

Typical alloy proportions are 90:10 or 70:30 (Pt:Ir). These have the chemical stability of platinum, but increased hardness. The Vickers hardness of pure platinum is 56 HV while platinum with 50% of iridium can reach over 500 HV.[1][2] This improved hardness has also been considered as beneficial for use in platinum jewellery, particularly watch cases.

Owing to their high cost, these alloys are rarely used. They have been used for spinnerets in the manufacture of synthetic fibres.[3]

Their well-known use is in metrology, where they are used to make the international prototype measures used by international standards bodies for mass standards such as the international prototype kilogram and the international prototype metre, although the latter has now been superseded by a standard based on the vacuum speed of light.

The other extremely widespread use for Pt/Ir alloy is fabrication of metal microelectrodes for electrical stimulation of nervous tissue[4] and electrophysiological recordings.[5][6][7] Pt/Ir alloy has an optimal combination of mechanical and electrochemical properties for this application. Pure iridium is very difficult to pull into small diameter wires; at the same time, platinum has a low Young's modulus which makes pure platinum wires bend easily during the insertion in nervous tissue. Additionally, platinum iridium alloys containing oxides of both metals can be electro-deposited onto the surface of microelectrodes.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Darling, A. S. (1960). "Iridium Platinum Alloys" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 4 (l): 18–26. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  2. ↑ Biggs, T.; Taylor, S. S.; Van der Lingen, E. (2005). "The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application". Platinum Metals Review. 49 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1595/147106705X24409.
  3. ↑ Egorova, R. V.; Korotkov, B. V.; Yaroshchuk, E. G.; Mirkus, K. A.; Dorofeev N. A.; Serkov, A. T. (1979). "Spinnerets for viscose rayon cord yarn". Fibre Chemistry. 10 (4): 377–378. doi:10.1007/BF00543390.
  4. ↑ Cogan, SF; Troyk, PR; Ehrlich, J; Plante, TD (September 2005). "In vitro comparison of the charge-injection limits of activated iridium oxide (AIROF) and platinum-iridium microelectrodes.". IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 52 (9): 1612–4. doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.851503. PMID 16189975.
  5. ↑ Cogan, Stuart F. (August 2008). "Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 10 (1): 275–309. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518.
  6. ↑ Stein, Richard B.; Charles, Dean; Gordon, Tessa; Hoffer, Joaquin-Andres; Jhamandas, Jack (November 1978). "Impedance Properties of Metal Electrodes for Chronic Recording from Mammalian Nerves". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. BME-25 (6): 532–537. doi:10.1109/TBME.1978.326287.
  7. ↑ Malagodi, Mark S.; Horch, Kenneth W.; Schoenberg, Andrew A. (July 1989). "An intrafascicular electrode for recording of action potentials in peripheral nerves". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 17 (4): 397–410. doi:10.1007/BF02368058.
  8. ↑ "Platinum Group Coatings".
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 7/28/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.