Plug-in electric vehicles in France

Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2015.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the France is actively supported by the French government through a bonus-malus system and other incentives. The government provides subsidies towards the purchase of all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids with low CO2 emissions.[10][11] The French government also set up a national purchase incentive scheme for all-electric utility vans.[12]

The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in France passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2016, making the country the second largest plug-in market in Europe after Norway, and the world's fifth.[13][14] As of September 2016, the French plug-in electric stock consisted of 61,686 all-electric passenger cars, 24,696 all-electric utility vans, and 12,857 plug-in hybrids. The split among type of powertrain is influenced by the rules of the government subsidies, which favors pure electric vehicles over plug-in hybrids.[13]

The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.49% in 2013, and reached 0.59% in 2014.[1][15][16] Until 2013, most plug-in cars sold in France were pure electric cars, but from 2015, sales of plug-in hybrid cars rose significantly. After the introduction of super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both segments of plug-in cars surged, and for the first time the French plug-in market share passed the 1% mark, ending 2015 with a market share of 1.17% of total new car registrations that year.[1][8][17] The plug-in market share climbed to 1.57% of new car registrations during the first three quarters of 2016.[1][18]

As of December 2015, France ranked as the country with the world's largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles. Nearly half of the vans sold in the European Union are sold in the country.[12] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, and 1.30% in 2015.[19]

The Renault Zoe has led all-electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with 30,098 units registered through September 2016.[1] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. utility van ranks second after the Zoe, and it is the all-time top selling electric van with 15,032 units registered since 2010.[18][20][21][22][19][23]

Government incentives

Since 2008 France has a bonus-malus system offering a financial incentive, or bonus, for the purchase of cars with low carbon emissions, and a fee, or malus, for the purchase of high-emission vehicles. The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007 and are deduced from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration. Since 2009, every family with more than two children receives a deduction from the malus of 20 g of CO2 per km per child.[24]

2012-2014

Electric cars purchase under a battery leasing contract, such as the Renault Zoe, are eligible for the full €6,300 bonus for zero CO2 emission vehicles.

Until July 31, 2012, a premium up to €5,000, under the bonus-malus system, was granted for the purchase of new cars with CO2 emissions of 60 g/km or less which benefited all-electric cars and any plug-in hybrid with such low emissions. Vehicles emitting up to 125 g/km or less, such as conventional hybrids and natural gas vehicles, were granted up to €2,000.[10][25] The incentive could not exceed 20% of the sales price including VAT, increased with the cost of the battery if it is rented.[10]

Effective on August 1, 2012, the government increased the bonus for electric cars up to €7,000 but capped at 30% of the vehicle price including VAT. The price includes any battery leasing charges, and therefore, electric cars which need a battery leasing contract also are eligible for the bonus. For example, an electric car sold for €23 333 including VAT was eligible for the maximum bonus of €7,000. The emission level for the maximum bonus was raised to 20 g/km or less. Cars with emission levels between 20 and 50 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to €5,000, and between 50 and 60 g/km were eligible to a bonus of up to €4,500. After this limit, the bonus dropped to €550.[26]

The fee schedule for the bonus-malus was modified in 2013. Effective November 1, 2013, the bonus was reduced from €7,000 to €6,300 for all-electrics and any other vehicle with CO2 emissions of less than 21 g/km. Vehicles emitting between 21 to 60 g/km, such as plug-in hybrids and conventional hybrids, were eligible to a bonus up to €4,000, and for emissions between 61 to 90 g/km up to €150, down from €550. Effective January 1, 2014, the fee schedule for the malus was increased to a maximum penalty of €8,000 from €6,000 for vehicles emitting over 200 g/km. A neutral class applied to vehicles emitting between 91-130 g/km.[24][27]

2015-2016

From April 1, 2015, a super-bonus was introduced, increasing the financial incentive to a cumulative total of €10,000, consisting of the regular bonus of €6,300 for purchasing a pure electric car, plus up to €3,700 for customers scrapping a diesel-powered car in circulation before 1 January 2001. In the case of plug-in hybrids with CO2 emission levels between 21 and 60 g/km, the purchase bonus is €4,000 plus the scrapping premium of €3,700. Also a specific €500 grant was introduced for families which are below the income tax threshold who buy an ordinary new or second hand car below certain CO2 emission thresholds or a hybrid or electric car. [28]

Electric cars equipped with a range extender, such as the BMW i3 REx, are entitled to the €6,300 bonus if emitting between 21 and 60 g/km of CO2.

Effective January 4, 2016, the €6,300 purchase bonus limited to 27% of the purchase price for vehicles emitting up to 20 g/km was kept. This bonus corresponds to pure electric vehicles and those equipped with a range extender. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km were entitled to a €1,000 bonus. This bonus corresponds to the majority of plug-in hybrids. Conventional hybrid passenger cars emitting between 61 and 110 g/km with sufficient level of hybridization, with an electric motor with an output power of not be less than 10 kW, are entitle to a €750 bonus. The €10,000 super-bonus for the purchase or lease of a new all-electric car was maintained. To be eligible for the additional scrappage bonus, the old diesel-powered car have to be owned for at least a year and in circulation before 1 January 2006. The new vehicle must not be sold within 6 months of acquisition or have traveled less than 6,000 km (3,700 mi).[11]

The scrappage bonus for the purchase of pure electric cars was maintained at €3,700, while the bonus for plug-in hybrid car emitting between 21 to 60 g/km was set at €2,500. Only individuals or professionals are eligible for the scrappage bonus. Commercial vehicles are not eligible. Neither demonstration vehicles are eligible to the superbonus unless the vehicles are sold or leased within one year following the date of first registration.[29] As of September 2016, the scrappage bonus of €3,700 for trading in old diesel-powered cars has been granted to more than 10,000 purchase transactions.[30]

2017 proposal

As of September 2016, the government proposal to be in force from 1 January 2017 provides that the €10,000 super-bonus for scrapping a diesel vehicle over 10 years-old will be renewed. However, the bonus for the purchase of a pure electric car will drop to €6,000 from €6,300 in 2016, but to compensate, the additional scrappage bonus will be increased to €4,000 from €3,700 in 2016. Also, the government plans to introduce a purchase price cap to the vehicles eligible for the bonus, and to introduce a new bonus for two-wheeled motor vehicles. For the more polluting vehicles, the government intends to increase the maximum malus fee to €10,000 from €8,000 in 2016 for vehicles emitting more than 191 g/km, lowering the limit from 200 g/km in 2016.[31]

The government intends to maintain the €1,000 purchase bonus for plug-in hybrids with a CO2 emission level between 21 and 60 g/km. However, the proposal does not include anything about the conversion premium for scrapping a 10 year-old diesel car for the purchase of a plug-in hybrid. The purchase bonus for non-rechargeable hybrid vehicles will be eliminated.[31]

Controversies

Piggyback on French subsidies

In September 2013, several French news outlets reported that according to the Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringsliv, some car dealers in Norway have been buying electric cars in France and earning the €7,000 (~ US$9,465) government subsidy. These cars are then imported to Norway and after discounting the freight costs, they are sold at a discount. Dagens Næringsliv cited the case of one dealer near Oslo with 70% of its electric car sales corresponding to vehicles imported from France, and with at least 40 Leafs imported, totaling €280,000 ( ~ US$378,600) in benefits at a cost of the French taxpayers. These dealers took advantage of a loophole in the French law, which only requires to have an address in the country when buying a new car.[32][33]

Sales

The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in France passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2016, making the country the second largest plug-in market in Europe after Norway. It ranks also as the world's fifth largest plug-in market after the U.S., China, Japan and Norway.[13][14] As of September 2016, and accounting for registrations since 2010, the plug-in electric stock consisted of 61,686 all-electric passenger cars, 24,696 all-electric utility vans, and 12,857 plug-in hybrids.[13] Until 2013, most plug-in cars registered in France were pure electric cars, but from 2015, sales of plug-in hybrid cars rose significantly. After the introduction of super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in April 2015, sales of both segments of plug-in cars surged, and for the first time the French plug-in market share passed the 1% mark in 2015.[1][8][17]

As of December 2015, France is the country with the world's largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans. Nearly half of the electric vans sold in the European Union are sold in France as a result of a national purchase incentive scheme, which French companies have embraced.[12] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, and 1.30% in 2015.[19]

2010-2012

The Bolloré Bluecar, deployed for the Parisian Autolib' carsharing program, led highway legal electric car registrations in France in 2012.[34]

Electric car registrations increased from 184 units in 2010 to 2,630 in 2011.[35] Sales in 2012 increased 115% from 2011 to 5,663 electric cars,[15] making France the world's fourth largest all-electric country market, with an 11% market share of global all-electric car sales in 2012.[36]

All-electric car sales in the French market for 2011 were led by the Citroën C-Zero with 645 units followed by the Peugeot iOn with 639 vehicles, and the Bolloré Bluecar with 399 units.[35] During 2012, all-electric car registrations in France were led by the Bluecar with 1,543 units, the C-Zero with 1,409, and the iOn with 1,335, together representing 76% of all electric car sales that year.[34] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. was the top selling utility electric vehicle with 2,869 units registered in 2012, capturing 82% of the segment sales.[37][21] The Renault Twizy electric quadricycle, launched in March 2012, sold 2,232 units during 2012, surpassing the Bolloré Bluecar, the top selling highway-capable electric car, and ranked as the second best selling plug-in electric vehicle after the Kangoo Z.E.[38]

2013

Registrations reached 8,779 electric cars in 2013, up 55.0% from 2012,[20] and the all-electric market share of total new car sales went up to 0.49% from 0.3% in 2012.[15][16] In addition, 5,175 electric utility vans were registered in 2013, up 42% from 2012,[20] and representing a market share of 1.4% of all new light commercial vehicles sold in 2013.[16] Sales of electric passenger cars and utility vans totaled 13,954 units in 2013,[20] capturing a combined market share of 0.65% of these two segments new car sales.[39] When accounting together sales of pure electric cars and light utility vehicles, France was the leading European all-electric market in 2012 and 2013.[39][20][37]

A total of 666 plug-in hybrids were registered during 2012. The segment sales were led by the Toyota Prius PHV, with 413 registrations, followed by the Opel Ampera with 190.[5] During 2013 a total of 800 plug-in hybrids were sold, up 20% from 2012, with the Prius PHEV continuing as the segment leader with 393 units, followed by the Volvo V60 PHEV with 241 units and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid with 90 units.[6] When plug-in hybrids sales in 2013 are accounted for, a total of 14,762 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2013,[6][20] making the country to rank second in the plug-in European market after the Netherlands, which sold 28,673 plug-in electric vehicles in 2013.[39]

The Renault Zoe has led electric car sales in France since 2013, and ranks as the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with over 30,000 units registered through September 2016.[1]

During 2013, registrations of pure electric cars were led by the Renault Zoe with 5,511 units representing 62.8% of total electric car sales, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 1,438 units.[20] Registrations of all-electric light utility vehicles were led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 4,174 units, representing 80.7% of the segment sales.[20] During 2013 several electric cars from major manufacturers were launched in France. Tesla Model S deliveries to retail customers began in September 2013,[40] the BMW i3 was launched in October, and the Volkswagen e-Up! in November.[1]

2014

A total of 15,045 all-electric cars and vans were registered in 2014, up 7.8% from 2013. With 10,560 cars registered in 2014, up 20.3% from the previous year, sales of all-electric vehicles passed the 10,000 unit milestone for the first time.[4] This figure rises to 10,968 units if the BMW i3 with range extender is accounted for.[41] All-electric utility vans continued to be a significant share of the all-electric segment, with 4,485 units registered in 2014, but down 13.3% from 2013.[4] All-electric cars captured a 0.59% market share of the 1.7 million new car registered in France in 2014,[1] while pure electric utility vans reached a 1.22% market share of their segment. Combined both segments represented a market share of 0.70% of new registrations in the country in 2014.[19]

Light-duty all-electric vehicle sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2014, with 2,227 units registered, twice the volume registered the same month in 2013.[4] The slow down in sales that took place in the French EV market during the first half of 2014, allowed Norway, with 18,649 new all-electric vehicles registered, to end 2014 as the top selling European market in the all-electric segment, with France ranking second.[42][43]

Between 2012 and 2014, cumulative plug-in hybrid registrations reached 2,985 units, rising cumulative French registrations of plug-in electric vehicles since 2005 to 46,590 units,[5][6][43][44] just ahead of the Netherlands (45,020),[45] and making France the European country where there were more plug-in electric vehicles on the road as of December 2014.[43]

The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the country's top selling all-electric utility vehicle with over 15,000 units sold through September 2016.[13]

The Zoe continued leading plug-in electric vehicle registrations in 2014, with 5,970 units registered, followed by the Kangoo Z.E. van with 2,657 registrations, and the Nissan Leaf ranked next with 1,600 units.[1][46] Plug-in hybrid car registrations totaled 1,527 units in 2014, almost doubling registrations from a year earlier.[8] Plug-in hybrid sales were driven by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with 820 units registered in 2014, representing 54% of the segment registrations in France that year.[47]

2015

A total of 22,695 light-duty all-electric vehicles were sold in 2015. Sales during this period consisted of 17,779 all-electric cars, up 62.1% from 2014, and 4,916 all-electric utility vehicles, up 9.6% from 2014.[7][9] All-electric cars captured a 0.9% market share of new car sales in 2015, and electric utility vans a 1.30%.[19][17] Combining sales of the two segments, the market share of battery electric vehicles rises to 1.2%.[17]

Sales of plug-in hybrids surged in 2015, with 5,006 plug-in hybrids registered in France, up 228% from 2014.[8] The market share of the plug-in hybrid segment reached a market share of 0.26% of the 1.94 million new car registered in 2015.[1][8] Light-duty plug-in registrations totaled 27,701 units in 2015.[7][9][8] Plug-in passenger cars achieved a market share of 1.17% of total new car registrations in 2015.[1][8][17]

All-electric car registrations in 2015 continued to be led by the Renault Zoe, with 10,406 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 2,220 and the Bolloré Bluecar with 1,166 units.[1] The all-electric utility van segment was led by the Kangoo Z.E. with 2,836 units sold, up 6.7% from 2014.[9] The plug-in hybrid segment was led by the Volkswagen Golf GTE with 1,687 units, followed by the Audi A3 e-tron with 1,123, and the Mitsubishi Ourlander P-HEV with 907.[8]

2016

The Volkswagen Golf GTE is the all-time top selling plug-in hybrid in France with about 2,500 units registered through September 2016.[13]

During the first three quarters of 2016, a total of 16,091 all-electric cars and 3,991 electric vans were sold in France, totaling 20,082 light-duty pure electric vehicles.[18] The Renault Zoe continued as the top selling plug-in electric car with 8,163 units.[1] Sales of plug-in hybrids totaled 4,858 units, up 43% year-on-year.[18] Combined sales of the plug-in electric segment totaled 24,490 vehicles,[18] with a market share of 1.57% of new car sales during the first nine months of 2016.[1][18]

As of September 2016, the Renault Zoe is the all-time best-selling plug-in electric vehicle in the French market with 30,098 units registered since 2012.[1] Ranking second was the Kangoo Z.E. utility van with 15,032 units registered since 2010.[18][20][21][22][19][23] As of September 2016, the Nissan Leaf ranked third with 8,979 units, followed by the Bolloré Bluecar with 5,689 units.[1] Most units of the Bluecar are in operation for the Autolib' car sharing service in Paris, and similar schemes in Lyon and Bordeaux.[48] As of September 2016, the all-time top selling plug-in hybrid is the Volkswagen Golf GTE with about 2,500 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with almost 2,000, and the Audi A3 e-tron with more than 1,600.[13]

Top selling all-electric models by year

The following table presents registrations of light-duty highway-capable all-electric vehicles by type (all electric cars and vans, and plug-in hybrids) with detailed all-electric car registrations by model between 2010 and December 2015.


Registration of highway-capable all-electric vehicles by model
and total registrations by light-duty vehicle type in France
between January 2010 and December 2015[1]
Model Total
2010-2015 		Market
share(1) 		2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Renault Zoe 21,935 48.7% 10,406 5,970 5,511 48   
Nissan Leaf 5,865 13.0% 2,220 1,600 1,438 524 83  
Bolloré Bluecar 4,936 11.0% 1,166 1,1706581,543 399  
Peugeot iOn 3,144 7.0% 725 163 178 1,409 63930
Citroën C-Zero 2,638 5.9% 397 154 801,335645 27
Smart electric drive 1,475 3.3% 336 509 478 66 5234
Tesla Model S[1][49] 1,071 2.4% 708 328 35   
Mia electric 843 1.9% 0 9 201 384 249  
Renault Fluence Z.E. 727 1.6% 0 5 18 295 39613
Kia Soul EV 548 1.2% 485 63       
BMW i3(2) 540 1.2% 279 193 68   
Volkswagen e-Up! 495 1.1% 166 265 64   
Volkswagen e-Golf 214 0.5% 125 89       
Mitsubishi i MiEV 165 0.4% 53   38 24 428
Th!nk City 121 0.3%         11011
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive 108 0.2% 93 15       
Nissan e-NV200 passenger van 88 0.2% 76 12      
Mini E50 0.1%         50
Tesla Roadster31 0.1%     1 10 9 11
Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion 15 0.03%       15    
Ford Focus Electric 13 0.03% 1 8 4   
BMW ActiveE 10 0.02%       10   
Volvo C30 Electric 6 0.01%        6  
Lumeneo Neoma 3 0.007%    3      
BYD e6 2 0.004% 2          
Total registrations electric cars[1][7] 45,595 68.8% 17,779 10,5608,7795,6632,630 184
Renault Kangoo Z.E.[9][20][46][21][22] 13,319 64.3% 2,836 2,657 4,174 2,869 768 15
Nissan e-NV200 cargo van[9] 585 2.8% 343 242       
Total registrations utility vans[2][3][4][9] 20,705 31.2% 4,916 4,4855,1753,6511,682796
Total registrations
all-electric cars and vans		66,300 100% 22,695 15,045 13,954 9,314 4,312980
Total registrations plug-in hybrids[5][6][8] 7,999 10.8% 5,006 1,527 800 666    
Total registrations
plug-in electric cars and vans		 74,299 100% 27,701 16,572 14,754 9,980 4,312 980
Note: (1) By model, is the market share as percentage of the 45,041 electric cars(2) and 20,705 vans registered between
2010 and 2015, and by type, the share of each type of vehicle (car or van) as percentage of the 66,300 electric
vehicles registered between 2010 and 2015.[1][2][3][4][7][9] (2) BMW i3 figures exclude units with REx option.

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Justin Aschard (2012-11-07). "Novembre 2012 - Ventes de véhicules électriques (CCFA)" [November 2012 - Sales of electric vehicles (CCFA)] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-16.See table Bilan annuel des ventes de véhicules électriques (Annual sales of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010 and 2011: a total of 184 electric cars and 796 electric utility vans were registered in 2010, and 2,630 electric cars and 1,682 all-electric utility vehicles were registered in 2011.
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  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-10-07). "Le marché du véhicule électrique dépasse les 20 000 immatriculations pour l'année 2016 !" [The electric vehicle market exceeds 20,000 registrations since the beginning of 2016] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-10-09. During the first nine months of 2016 a total of 16,091 all-electric cars, 3,991 electric vans, and 4,858 plug-in hybrids were registered in France. During September 2016 a total of 80 range-extended vehicles (BMW i3 REx) were registered.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-10-02. See "Ventes d’utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
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  26. ↑ Yoann Nussbaumer (2012-08-10). "France: Consumer bonuses for electric and hybrid cars". Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  27. ↑ Staff (2014-01-17). "De nouveaux barèmes bonus-malus en 2014" [New bonus-malus scales in 2014] (in French). Bioéthanol. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  28. ↑ "What is new for April 1?". The Connexion. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  29. ↑ Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Électrique- AVERE France (2016-01-04). "Superbonus & prime à la conversion : mode d'emploi" [Superbonus & conversion premium: user manual] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  30. ↑ Schwoerer, Philippe (2016-10-06). "Les aides pour les 2, 3 et 4 roues électriques en 2017 annoncées par Ségolène Royal" [Subsidy for the two-, three- and four-wheeled electric motorcycles by 2017 announced by Ségolène Royal] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  31. 1 2 Leurent, Tiphaine (2016-09-29). "Projet de loi de finances 2017 : décryptage" [Bill 2017 Finance: deciphering] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  32. ↑ Agence France-Presse (AFP) (2013-09-19). "Comment la France subventionne des voitures en Norvège" [How France subsidizes cars in Norway]. Challenges (France) (in French). Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  33. ↑ Maxime Amiot (2013-09-20). "Quand l'Etat français subventionne les voitures électriques en Norvège" [When the French government subsidizes electric cars in Norway]. Les Échos (France) (in French). Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  34. 1 2 Michaël Torregrossa (2013-01-09). "Voitures électriques – Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France" [Electric Cars - The balance of registrations in France 2012] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  35. 1 2 Laurent Meillaud (2012-01-14). "2630 voitures électriques immatriculées en 2011" [2630 electric cars registered in 2011] (in French). MSN France. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  36. ↑ International Energy Agency, Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (April 2013). "Global EV Outlook 2013 - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020" (PDF). International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2013-04-20. See pp. 4, 6-8, and 11-12.
  37. 1 2 "2012, une année record pour les véhicules électriques" [2012 a record year for electric vehicles] (in French). Atlante & Cie. 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  38. ↑ Renault (2013-01-18). "Ventes Mensuelles" [Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2013-01-18. Click on "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 294 Ko)" to download the file, and open the tab TWIZY.
  39. 1 2 3 Jeff Cobb (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-01-18. Over 172,000 highway-capable passenger vehicles have been sold in the U.S. between 2008 and December 2013.
  40. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (2013-09-28). "Tesla– Premières livraisons françaises pour le Model S" [Tesla - First deliveries of the French Model S] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  41. ↑ Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-09). "Quel marché espérer en 2015 pour le véhicule électrique ?" [What the market expects in 2015 for the electric vehicle] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-01. The BMW i3 with range extender is often excluded of the count of all-electric cars because in France it is classified and accounted together with conventional hybrids.
  42. ↑ Zachary Shahan (2014-08-07). "Europe Electric Car Sales Up 77% In 2014". EV Obsesion. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  43. 1 2 3 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2015-01-30). "Immatriculations de véhicules électriques en Europe : +60% en 2014 !" [Registrations of electric vehicles in Europe: +60% in 2014!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  44. ↑ AVERE-France (2015-01-08). "Hybride : un marché en recul en 2014, l'hybride essence tient le coup" [Hybrid: a declining market in 2014, the gasoline-electric hybrid holds up] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France. Retrieved 2015-02-02. A total of 1,519 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2014.
  45. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer - Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland - Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014) - Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014)" [Figures electric transport - Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands, Top 5 registered plug-in electric hybrid vehicle models (12-31-2014) and Top 6 registered all-electric vehicle models (12-31-2014)] (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2015-01-27. See under the heading "31-12-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2014.
  46. 1 2 Automobile Propre. "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-07-04. See "Ventes d’utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014/2013 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
  47. ↑ Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-16). "Mitsubishi mise et gagne sur l'hybride rechargeable" [Mitsubishi bets and wins with its plug-in hybrid] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  48. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (2013-10-19). "Paris – Autolib' passe le seuil des 3 millions de locations" [Paris - Autolib' passes the threshold of 3 million rentals] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-10-21.
  49. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (2014-01-15). "Tesla Model S - Plus de 22.000 ventes dans le monde en 2013" [Tesla Model S - More than 22,000 sales worldwide in 2013] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2014-01-18. A total of 35 Model S cars were registered in France in 2013.
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