List of political ideologies
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This is a list of political ideologies. Many political parties base their political action and election program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, and/or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests.
Political ideologies have two dimensions:
- Goals: How society should be organized.
- Methods: The most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, autocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science";[1] however, ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana).
There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
The following list attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups; each group contains ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. They are merely noting the fact that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. Note that one ideology can belong to several groups, and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. Also, keep in mind that the meaning of a political label can differ between countries and that parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
The list is strictly alphabetical. Thus, placing one ideology before another does not imply that the first is more important or popular than the second.
Anarchism
Anarchism without adjectives
Individualist anarchism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Egoist anarchism
- Freiwirtschaft
- Geoanarchism
- Inclusive democracy
- Individualist anarchism
- Individualist anarchism in France
- Individualist anarchism in Europe
- Individualist anarchism in the United States
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Illegalism
- Mutualism (Also considered social)
Religious anarchism
Social anarchism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Libertarian socialism
- Participatory economics
- Social anarchism
- Social ecology
- Inclusive democracy
- Mutualism (also considered individual)
Anarchist communism
Other
- Autarchism
- Autonomism
- Crypto-anarchism
- Indigenism
- Infoanarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Makhnovism
- National-Anarchism
- Panarchism
- Platformism
- Post-anarchism
- Post-left anarchy
- Queer anarchism
- Workerism
- Pluralism
Conservatism
General
- Conservatism
- Conservative liberalism
- Cultural conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- National conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Social conservatism
- Traditionalist conservatism
- Reactionary
Regional variants
- Conservatism in Australia
- Conservatism in Canada
- Conservatism in Colombia
- Conservatism in Germany
- Conservatism in North America
- Conservatism in Pakistan
- Conservatism in the United Kingdom
- Conservatism in the United States
Other
- Agrarianism
- Anti-Communism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Carlism
- Civic conservatism
- Christian democracy
- Communitarianism
- Compassionate conservatism
- Conservative Revolutionary movement
- Fiscal conservatism
- Green conservatism
- Monarchism
- Right-libertarianism
- Right-wing populism
- Roman Catholic conservatism
- Theoconservatism
- Toryism
- Red Toryism
Environmentalism
- Anarchist naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Bioregionalism
- Bright green environmentalism
- Deep ecology
- Eco-capitalism
- Ecofeminism
- Eco-socialism
- Environmentalism
- Free-market environmentalism
- Green anarchism
- Green conservatism
- Green liberalism
- Green libertarianism
- Green politics
- Green municipalism
- Green syndicalism
- Social ecology
Gender equality
Feminism
General
- Anarcha-feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Ecofeminism
- Feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Marxist feminism
- Masculism
- Postmodern feminism
- Psychoanalytic feminism
- Radical feminism
- Separatist feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Womanism
- Feminist economics
Non-Religious feminism
Religious feminism
LGBT
Masculism
Liberalism
General
- Liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Economic liberalism
- Individualism
- Cultural liberalism
- Georgism
- Green liberalism
- Liberal democracy
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal socialism
- Market liberalism
- National liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Paleoliberalism
- Progressivism
- Social liberalism
- Republicanism
Libertarianism
Libertarian socialism
- Fourierism
- Mutualism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Guild socialism
- Revolutionary syndicalism
- Social anarchism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Libertarian socialism
- Left communism
- Council communism
- Platformism
- Gandhian economics
- Situationist International
- Autonomism
- Social ecology
- Participism
- Inclusive democracy
- Zapatismo
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Communalism
- Communization
Right-libertarianism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Fusionism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Objectivism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Right-libertarianism
- Voluntaryism
Other
- Agorism
- Bleeding-heart libertarianism
- Christian libertarianism
- Civil libertarianism
- Free-market environmentalism
- Geolibertarianism
- Green libertarianism
- Individualist feminism
- Left-libertarianism
- Libertarian paternalism
- Minarchism
- Non-interventionism
- Radical centrism
- Radicalism (historical)
Nationalism
General
- Civic nationalism
- Nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Integral nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Religious nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Patriotism
Fascism
- Austrofascism
- Chilean Fascism
- Clerical fascism
- Falangism
- Fascism
- Metaxism
- Italian fascism
- Iron Guard
- Japanese fascism
- Nazism
- Neo-Fascism
- Neo-Nazism
- Rexism
- Strasserism
- Third Position
- Ustaše
- Zbor
Regional variants
- Kemalism
- Brazilian Integralism
- Gaullism
- Irish Nationalism and Irish Republicanism
- Peronism
- Portuguese Integralism
- Baathism
- Nasserism
Zionism
Unification movements
- Black nationalism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-European nationalism
- Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turkism
Other
- African socialism
- Arab socialism
- Anti-fascism
- Chinese nationalism
- Corporatism
- Hindu nationalism
- Irredentism
- Left-wing nationalism
- National-Anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- National Conservatism
- National syndicalism
- Nordicism
- Odalism
- Producerism
- Queer nationalism
- White nationalism
Religious ideologies
General
Buddhism
Christianity
- Christian anarchism
- Christian communism
- Christian democracy
- Christian feminism
- Christian socialism
- Christian Left
- Christian Right
- Christian libertarianism
- Christian Reconstructionism
- Clerical fascism
- Liberation Theology
- Political Catholicism
- Popolarismo
- Christian Zionism
- Christofascism
- Dominionism
- Caesaropapism
- Ultramontanism
Hinduism
Islam
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic socialism
- Islamic Fundamentalism
- Islamism
- Khilafat
- Panislamism
- Islamofascism
Judaism
Mormonism
Sikhism
Socialism
General
Communism
- Communism
- Stateless communism
- National communism
- Council communism
- Left communism
- Revolutionary socialism
- Religious communism
- Christian communism
- World communism
- Primitive communism
- Scientific communism
- Anarchist communism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
Marxism
Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Luxemburgism
- Impossiblism
- New Left
- Communization
- Autonomism
- Workerism
- Anti-Leninism
Revisionism
Leninism
- Leninism
- Bolshevism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Anti-revisionism
- Stalinism
- Maoism
- Marhaenism
- Titoism
- Nehruism
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Guevarism
- Foco
- Non-Stalinist Marxism–Leninism
- Trotskyism
Libertarian socialism
- Fourierism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Libertarian socialism
- Guild socialism
- Revolutionary syndicalism
- Gandhian economics
- Zapatismo
Libertarian Marxism
- Autonomism
- Situationist International
- Libertarian Marxism
- Luxemburgism
- Left communism
- Council communism
- Communization
Social anarchism
- Mutualism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Social anarchism
- Platformism
- Social ecology
- Participism
- Inclusive democracy
- Communalism
Reformist socialism
Democratic socialism
Social democracy
- Liberal socialism
- Modern European socialism
- Nordic model
- Progressivism
- Social democracy
- Social market economy
- State capitalism
- Third Way
Regional variants
- African socialism
- Arab socialism
- Bolivarianism
- Labor Zionism
- Melanesian socialism
- Socialism with Chinese characteristics
- Revolutionary democracy
Religious socialism
Other
Revolutionary socialism
General
Marxism
- Autonomist Marxism
- Castroism
- Council communism
- De Leonism
- Eurocommunism
- Guevarism
- Hoxhaism
- Kautskyism
- Left communism
- Leninism
- Luxemburgism
- Maoism
- Marxism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Marxist feminism
- Marxist humanism
- Neo-marxism
- Orthodox Marxism
- Situationism
- Anti-Revisionism (or Stalinism)
- Titoism
- Trotskyism
- Western Marxism
Anarchist communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Collectivist anarchism
- Anarchist communism
- Eco-socialism
- Social anarchism
- Social ecology
- Individualist anarchism[10][11]
- Mutualist anarchism[12]
Other
- Guild socialism
- Libertarian socialism
- Sankarism
- Syndicalism
- Utopian socialism
- National Bolshevism
- Realism
- Juche
See also
References
- ↑ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
- ↑ “Bouchard, T. J., and McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54 (1), 44–45.”
- ↑ “Cloninger, et al. (1993).”
- ↑ “Eaves, L. J., Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of social attitudes. Nature, 249, 288–289.”
- ↑ Alford, (2005).
- ↑ “Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Morley, K. I., Heath, A. C., Martin, N.G. (2007). The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study. Behavior Genetics, 37 (3), 435–448.”
- ↑ “Hatemi, P. K., Hibbing, J., Alford, J., Martin, N., Eaves, L. (2009). Is there a ‘party’ in your genes? Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 584–600.”
- ↑ “Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., and Fowler, J. H. (2009). The heritability of partisan attachment. Political Research Quarterly, 62 (3), 601–613.”
- ↑ Anonymous Conservative. “The Evolutionary Psychology Behind Politics.”
- ↑ Tucker, Benjamin. Labor and Its Pay, from Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Benjamin T. Tucker
- ↑ The Anarchist Reader
- ↑ A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?