Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom

For other people named Princess Beatrice, see Princess Beatrice (disambiguation).
Princess Beatrice
Princess Henry of Battenberg
Born (1857-04-14)14 April 1857
Buckingham Palace, London
Died 26 October 1944(1944-10-26) (aged 87)
Brantridge Park, Sussex
Burial 3 November 1944
St George's Chapel, Windsor; later
28 August 1945
St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham
Spouse Prince Henry of Battenberg
(m. 1885; d. 1896)
Issue Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke
Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain
Lord Leopold Mountbatten
Prince Maurice of Battenberg
Full name
Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore
House Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Father Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Mother Queen Victoria

Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, VA CI GCVO GBE RRC GCStJ (Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore; later Princess Henry of Battenberg; (14 April 1857 – 26 October 1944) was the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. King Felipe VI of Spain is her great-great-grandson. Beatrice was the last of Queen Victoria's children to die, 66 years after the first, her sister Alice.

Beatrice's childhood coincided with Queen Victoria's grief following the death of her husband Albert, Prince Consort on 14 December 1861. As her elder sisters married and left their mother, Queen Victoria came to rely on the company of her youngest daughter, whom she called "Baby" for most of her childhood. Beatrice was brought up to stay with her mother always and she soon resigned herself to her fate. Queen Victoria was so set against her youngest daughter marrying that she refused to discuss the possibility. Nevertheless, many suitors were put forward, including Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the son of the exiled Emperor Napoleon III of France, and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, the widower of Beatrice's older sister Alice. She was attracted to the Prince Imperial and there was talk of a possible marriage, but he was killed in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879.

Beatrice fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg, the son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia von Hauke and brother-in-law of her niece Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. After a year of persuasion, Queen Victoria agreed to the marriage, which took place at Whippingham on the Isle of Wight on 23 July 1885. Queen Victoria consented on condition that Beatrice and Henry make their home with her and that Beatrice continue her duties as the Queen's unofficial secretary. The Prince and Princess had four children, but 10 years into their marriage, on 20 January 1896, Prince Henry died of malaria while fighting in the Anglo-Asante War. Beatrice remained at her mother's side until Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901. Beatrice devoted the next 30 years to editing Queen Victoria's journals as her designated literary executor and continued to make public appearances. She died at 87, outliving all her siblings, two of her children, and several nieces and nephews including George V and Wilhelm II.

Early life

Queen Victoria, holding Princess Beatrice in 1862

Beatrice was born at Buckingham Palace.[1] She was the fifth daughter and youngest of the nine children of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (later The Prince Consort). The birth caused controversy when it was announced that Queen Victoria would seek relief from the pains of delivery through the use of chloroform administered by Dr John Snow. Chloroform was considered dangerous to mother and child and was frowned upon by the Church of England and the medical authorities.[2] Queen Victoria was undeterred and used "that blessed chloroform" for her last pregnancy.[3] A fortnight later, Queen Victoria reported in her journal, "I was amply rewarded and forgot all I had gone through when I heard dearest Albert say 'It's a fine child, and a girl!'"[4] Albert and Queen Victoria chose the names Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore: Mary after Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester, the last surviving child of King George III of the United Kingdom; Victoria after the Queen; and Feodore after Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the Queen's older half-sister. She was christened in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace on 16 June 1857. Her godparents were the Duchess of Kent (maternal grandmother); the Princess Royal (eldest sister); and the Prince Frederick of Prussia (her future brother-in-law).[5]

The daughters of Queen Victoria mourn the loss of their father. Beatrice is the only one shown who is not looking down.

From birth, Beatrice became a favoured child.[6] The elder favourite daughter of Prince Albert, the Princess Royal, was about to take up residence in Germany with her new husband, Frederick ("Fritz") of Prussia. At the same time, the newly arrived Beatrice showed promise. Albert wrote to Augusta, Fritz's mother, that "Baby practises her scales like a good prima donna before a performance and has a good voice!"[7] Although Queen Victoria was known to dislike most babies, she liked Beatrice, whom she considered attractive. This provided Beatrice with an advantage over her elder siblings. Queen Victoria once remarked that Beatrice was "a pretty, plump and flourishing child ... with fine large blue eyes, [a] pretty little mouth and very fine skin".[8] Her long, golden hair was the focus of paintings commissioned by Queen Victoria, who enjoyed giving Beatrice her bath, in marked contrast to her bathing preferences for her other children. Beatrice showed intelligence, which further endeared her to the Prince Consort, who was amused by her childhood precociousness.[6]

He wrote to Baron Stockmar that Beatrice was "the most amusing baby we have had." Despite sharing the rigorous education programme designed by Prince Albert and his close adviser, Baron Stockmar, Beatrice had a more relaxed infancy than her siblings because of her relationship with her parents.[9] By four years of age, the youngest, and the acknowledged last Royal child, Beatrice was not forced to share her parents' attention the way her siblings had, and her amusing ways provided comfort to her faltering father.

Queen Victoria's devoted companion

Princess Beatrice in 1868. Her late childhood brought little companionship since Prince Leopold, the sibling closest to her age, could not play because of his haemophilia.

In March 1861, Queen Victoria's mother Victoria, Duchess of Kent, died at Frogmore. The Queen broke down in grief and guilt over their estrangement at the beginning of her reign.[10] Beatrice tried to console her mother by reminding her that the Duchess of Kent was "in heaven, but Beatrice hopes she will return".[11] This comfort was significant because Queen Victoria had isolated herself from her children except the eldest unmarried, Princess Alice, and Beatrice.[12] Queen Victoria again relied on Beatrice and Alice after the death of Albert, of typhoid fever, on 14 December.[13]

The depth of the Queen's grief over the death of her husband surprised her family, courtiers, politicians and general populace. As when her mother died, she shut herself off from her family—most particularly, the Prince of Wales, (whom she blamed for her husband's death),[14] with the exception of Alice and Beatrice. Queen Victoria often took Beatrice from her cot, hurried to her bed and "lay there sleepless, clasping to her child, wrapped in the nightclothes of a man who would wear them no more."[15] After 1871, when the last of Beatrice's elder sisters married,[16] Queen Victoria came to rely upon her youngest daughter, who had declared from an early age: "I don't like weddings at all. I shall never be married. I shall stay with my mother."[17] As her mother's secretary, she performed duties such as writing on the Queen's behalf and helping with political correspondence.[18] These mundane duties mirrored those that had been performed in succession by her sisters, Alice, Helena and Louise.[19] However, to these the Queen soon added more personal tasks. During a serious illness in 1871, the Queen dictated her journal entries to Beatrice, and in 1876 she allowed Beatrice to sort the music she and the Prince Consort had played, unused since his death fifteen years earlier.[19]

The devotion that Beatrice showed to her mother was acknowledged in the Queen's letters and journals, but her constant need for Beatrice grew stronger.[20][21] The Queen suffered another bereavement in 1883, when her highland servant, John Brown, died at Balmoral.[22] Once again, the Queen plunged into public mourning and relied on Beatrice for support. Unlike her siblings, Beatrice had not shown dislike for Brown, and the two had often been seen in each other's company; indeed, they had worked together to carry out the Queen's wishes.[23]

Marriage

Possible suitors

Although the Queen was set against Beatrice marrying anyone in the expectation that she would always stay at home with her, a number of possible suitors were put forward before Beatrice's marriage to Prince Henry of Battenberg. One of these was Napoléon Eugéne, the French Prince Imperial, son and heir of the exiled Emperor Napoleon III of France and his wife, the Empress Eugénie. After Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon was deposed and moved his family to England in 1870.[24] After the Emperor's death in 1873, Queen Victoria and Empress Eugénie formed a close attachment, and the newspapers reported the imminent engagement of Beatrice to the Prince Imperial.[25] These rumours ended with the death of the Prince Imperial in the Anglo-Zulu War on 1 June 1879. Queen Victoria's journal records their grief: "Dear Beatrice, crying very much as I did too, gave me the telegram ... It was dawning and little sleep did I get ... Beatrice is so distressed; everyone quite stunned."[26]

Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial, to whom Beatrice was romantically attached in the 1870s

After the death of the Prince Imperial, Beatrice's brother, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales, suggested that she marry their sister Alice's widower, Louis IV, the Grand Duke of Hesse, who had lost his wife to diphtheria in 1878. Albert Edward argued that Beatrice could act as replacement mother for Louis's young children and spend most of her time in England looking after her mother.[27] He further suggested the Queen could oversee the upbringing of her Hessian grandchildren with greater ease.[27] However, at the time, it was forbidden by law for Beatrice to marry her sister's widower.[28] This was countered by the Prince of Wales, who vehemently supported passage by the Houses of Parliament of the Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, which would have removed the obstacle.[27] Despite popular support for this measure and although it passed in the House of Commons, it was rejected by the House of Lords because of opposition from the Lords Spiritual.[29] Although the Queen was disappointed that the bill had failed, she was happy to keep her daughter at her side.[27]

Other candidates, including two of Prince Henry's brothers, Prince Alexander ("Sandro") and Prince Louis of Battenberg, were put forward to be Beatrice's husband, but they did not succeed. Although Alexander never formally pursued Beatrice, merely claiming that he "might even at one time have become engaged to the friend of my childhood, Beatrice of England",[30] Louis was more interested. Queen Victoria invited him to dinner but sat between him and Beatrice, who had been told by the Queen to ignore Louis to discourage his suit.[31] Louis, not realising for several years the reasons for this silence, married Beatrice's niece, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. Although her marriage hopes had been dealt another blow, while attending Louis's wedding at Darmstadt, Beatrice fell in love with Prince Henry, who returned her affections.[32]

Engagement and wedding

Princess Beatrice in her wedding dress, Osborne, 1885. Beatrice wore her mother's wedding veil of Honiton lace.

When Beatrice, after returning from Darmstadt, told her mother she planned to marry, the Queen reacted with frightening silence. Although they remained side by side, the Queen did not talk to her for seven months, instead communicating by note.[33] Queen Victoria's behaviour, unexpected even by her family, seemed prompted by the threatened loss of her daughter. The Queen regarded Beatrice as her "Baby" – her innocent child – and viewed the physical sex that would come with marriage as an end to innocence.[34]

Subtle persuasions by the Princess of Wales and the Crown Princess of Prussia, who reminded her mother of the happiness that Beatrice had brought the Prince Consort, induced the Queen to resume talking to Beatrice. Queen Victoria consented to the marriage on condition that Henry give up his German commitments and live permanently with Beatrice and the Queen.[35]

Beatrice and Henry were married at Saint Mildred's Church at Whippingham, near Osborne,[36] on 23 July 1885.[35] Beatrice, who wore her mother's wedding veil of Honiton lace, was escorted by the Queen and Beatrice's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales.[37] Princess Beatrice was attended by ten royal bridesmaids from among her nieces: Princess Alix and Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine; Princess Alexandra, Princess Marie, and Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh; Princess Louise, Princess Maud, and Princess Victoria of Wales; Princess Marie Louise and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. The bridegroom's supporters were his brothers, Prince Alexander of Bulgaria and Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg.[38]

The ceremony – which was not attended by her eldest sister and brother-in-law, the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia, who were detained in Germany; William Ewart Gladstone; or Beatrice's cousin, Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck, who was in mourning for her father-in-law[39] – ended with the couple's departure for their honeymoon at Quarr Abbey House, a few miles from Osborne. The Queen, taking leave of them, "bore up bravely till the departure and then fairly gave way", as she later admitted to the Crown Princess.[40]

Queen Victoria's last years

Prince Henry of Battenberg, who was married to Beatrice from 1885 until his death in 1896

After a short honeymoon, Beatrice and her husband fulfilled their promise and returned to the Queen's side. The Queen made it clear that she could not cope on her own and that the couple could not travel without her.[41] Although the Queen relaxed this restriction shortly after the marriage, Beatrice and Henry travelled only to make short visits with his family. Beatrice's love for Henry, like that of the Queen's for the Prince Consort, seemed to increase the longer they were married. When Henry travelled without Beatrice, she appeared happier when he returned.[41]

The addition of Prince Henry to the family gave new reasons for Beatrice and the Queen to look forward, and the court was brighter than it had been since the Prince Consort's death.[42] Even so, Henry, supported by Beatrice, was determined to take part in military campaigns, and this annoyed the Queen, who opposed his participation in life-threatening warfare.[43] Conflicts also arose when Henry attended the Ajaccio carnival and kept "low company",[44] and Beatrice sent a Royal Navy officer to remove him from temptation.[44] On one occasion, Henry slipped away to Corsica with his brother Louis;[35] the Queen sent a warship to bring him back.[35] Henry was feeling oppressed by the Queen's constant need for his and his wife's company.[44]

Despite being married, Beatrice fulfilled her promise to the Queen by continuing as her full-time confidante and secretary. Queen Victoria warmed to Henry, as she often did with other handsome, strong men.[45] However, the Queen criticised Beatrice's conduct during her first pregnancy. When Beatrice stopped coming to the Queen's dinners a week before giving birth, preferring to eat alone in her room, the Queen wrote angrily to her physician, Dr James Reid, that, "I [urged the Princess to continue] coming to dinner, and not simply moping in her own room, which is very bad for her. In my case I regularly came to dinner, except when I was really unwell (even when suffering a great deal) up to the very last day."[46] Beatrice, aided by chloroform, gave birth the following week to her first son, Alexander.[46] Despite suffering a miscarriage in the early months of her marriage,[47] Beatrice gave birth to four children: Alexander, called "Drino", was born in 1886; Ena in 1887; Leopold in 1889 and Maurice in 1891. Following this, she took a polite and encouraging interest in social issues, such as conditions in the coal mines. However, this interest did not extend to changing the conditions of poverty, as it had done with her brother, the Prince of Wales.[42]

Although court entertainments were few after the Prince Consort's death, Beatrice and the Queen enjoyed tableau vivant photography, which was often performed at the royal residences.[42] Henry, increasingly bored by the lack of activity at court, longed for employment, and in response, the Queen made him Governor of the Isle of Wight in 1889.[35] However, he yearned for military adventure and pleaded with his mother-in-law to let him join the Ashanti expedition fighting in the Anglo-Asante war. Despite misgivings, the Queen consented, and Henry and Beatrice parted on 6 December 1895; they would not meet again. Henry contracted malaria and was sent home. On 22 January 1896, Beatrice, who was waiting for her husband at Madeira, received a telegram informing her of Henry's death two days earlier.[43]

Devastated, she left court for a month of mourning before returning to her post at her mother's side.[43] The Queen's journal reports that Queen Victoria "[w]ent over to Beatrice's room and sat a while with her. She is so piteous in her misery."[48] Despite her grief, Beatrice remained her mother's faithful companion,[43] and as Queen Victoria aged, she relied more heavily on Beatrice for dealing with correspondence. However, realising that Beatrice needed a place of her own, she gave her the Kensington Palace apartments once occupied by the Queen and her mother.[49] The Queen appointed Beatrice to the governorship of the Isle of Wight, vacated by Prince Henry's death.[35] In response to Beatrice's interest in photography, the Queen had a darkroom installed at Osborne House.[18] The changes in the family, including Beatrice's preoccupation with her mother, may have affected her children, who rebelled at school. Beatrice wrote that Ena was "troublesome and rebellious", and that Alexander was telling "unwarrantable untruths".[50]

Later life

Princess Beatrice with her mother, Queen Victoria

Beatrice's life was overturned by the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. She wrote to the Principal of the University of Glasgow in March, "... you may imagine what the grief is. I, who had hardly ever been separated from my dear mother, can hardly realise what life will be like without her, who was the centre of everything."[51] Beatrice's public appearances continued, but her position at court was diminished. She, unlike her sister Louise, was not close to her brother, now King Edward VII, and was not included in the King's inner circle. Although their relationship did not break down completely, it was occasionally strained, for example when she accidentally (but noisily) dropped her service book from the royal gallery onto a table of gold plate during his coronation.[52]

After inheriting Osborne, the King had his mother's personal photographs and belongings removed and some of them destroyed, especially material relating to John Brown, whom he detested.[53] Queen Victoria had intended the house to be a private, secluded residence for her descendants, away from the pomp and ceremony of mainland life.[54] However, the new King had no need for the house and consulted his lawyers about disposing of it, transforming the main wing into a convalescent home, opening the state apartments to the public, and constructing a Naval College on the grounds. His plans met with strong disapproval from Beatrice and Louise. Queen Victoria had bequeathed them houses on the estate, and the privacy promised to them by their mother was threatened. When Edward discussed the fate of the house with them, Beatrice argued against allowing the house to leave the family, citing its importance to their parents.[54]

However, the King did not want the house himself, and he offered it to his heir-apparent, Beatrice's nephew George, who declined, objecting to the high cost of maintenance. Edward subsequently extended the grounds of Beatrice's home, Osborne Cottage, to compensate her for the impending loss of her privacy. Shortly afterwards, the King declared to Arthur Balfour, the Prime Minister, that the main house would go to the nation as a gift. An exception was made for the private apartments, which were closed to all but the royal family members, who made it a shrine to their mother's memory.[55]

Queen Victoria's journals

Upon Queen Victoria's death, Beatrice began the momentous task of transcribing and editing her mother's journals, which had been kept since 1831. The hundreds of volumes contained the Queen's personal views of the day-to-day business of her life and included personal and family matters as well as matters of state.[56]

Queen Victoria had given Beatrice the task of editing the journals for publication, which meant removing private material as well as passages that, if published, might be hurtful to living people. Beatrice deleted so much material that the edited journals are only a third as long as the originals.[56] The destruction of such large passages of Queen Victoria's diaries distressed Beatrice's nephew, King George V, and his wife Queen Mary, who were powerless to intervene.[57] Beatrice copied a draft from the original and then copied her draft into a set of blue notebooks. Both the originals and her first drafts were destroyed as she progressed.[57] The task took thirty years and was finished in 1931. The surviving 111 notebooks are kept in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle.[58]

Retirement from public life

Beatrice continued to appear in public after her mother's death. The public engagements she carried out were often related to her mother, Queen Victoria, as the public had always associated Beatrice with the deceased monarch.[59]

Prince Maurice of Battenberg. After his death during the First World War, Beatrice began to retire from public life.

The beauty of Beatrice's daughter, Ena, was known throughout Europe, and, despite her low rank, she was a desirable bride.[60] Her chosen suitor was King Alfonso XIII of Spain. However, the marriage caused controversy in Britain, since it required Ena to convert to Catholicism.[61] This step was opposed by Beatrice's brother, King Edward VII, and Spanish ultra-conservatives were against the King's marriage to a Protestant of low birth, as her father, Prince Henry, was the son of a morganatic marriage. Thus, they considered Ena to be only partly royal and thus unfit to be Queen of Spain.[60] Nonetheless, the couple wed on 31 May 1906. The marriage began inauspiciously when an anarchist attempted to bomb them on their wedding day.[60] Apparently close at first, the couple grew apart. Ena became unpopular in Spain and grew more so when it was discovered that her son, the heir to the throne, suffered from haemophilia, a disease for which[62] Alfonso held Beatrice responsible for having brought the disease to the Spanish royal house and turned bitterly against Ena.[62]

During her time as Queen of Spain, Ena returned many times to visit her mother in Britain, but always without Alfonso and usually without her children. Meanwhile, Beatrice lived at Osborne Cottage in East Cowes until she sold it in 1913, when Carisbrooke Castle, home of the Governor of the Isle of Wight, became vacant.[63] She moved into the Castle while keeping an apartment at Kensington Palace in London. She had been much involved in collecting material for the Carisbrooke Castle museum, which she opened in 1898.[64]

Princess Beatrice in later life

Her presence at court further decreased as she aged. Devastated by the death of her favourite son, Maurice, during the First World War in 1914, she began to retire from public life.[65] In response to war with Germany, George V changed the family surname from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor to downplay their German origins. Subsequently, Beatrice and her family renounced their German names; Beatrice's style reverted from HRH Princess Henry of Battenberg to her birth style, HRH The Princess Beatrice. Her surname was anglicised to Mountbatten.[66] Her sons gave up their courtesy style, Prince of Battenberg.[67] Alexander, the eldest, became Sir Alexander Mountbatten and was later given the title Marquess of Carisbrooke in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[68] Her younger son, Leopold, became Lord Leopold Mountbatten and was given the rank of a younger son of a marquess.[35] He was a haemophiliac, having inherited the "royal disease" from his mother, and died during a knee operation in 1922 one month short of his 33rd birthday.

Following the war, Beatrice was one of several members of the royal family who became patrons of The Ypres League, a society founded for veterans of the Ypres Salient and bereaved relatives of those killed in fighting in the Salient.[69] She was herself a bereaved mother, as her son, Prince Maurice of Battenberg, had been killed in action during the First Battle of Ypres. Rare public appearances after his death included commemorations, including laying wreaths at the Cenotaph in 1930 and 1935 to mark the 10th and 15th anniversaries of the founding of the League.[70][71]

Last years

Tomb of Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry of Battenberg, with their son's ashes casket set into the wall above

Even in her seventies, Beatrice continued to correspond with her friends and relatives and to make rare public appearances, such as when, pushed in a wheelchair, she viewed the wreaths laid after the death of George V in 1936.[72] She published her last work of translation in 1941. Entitled "In Napoleonic Days", it was the personal diary of Queen Victoria's maternal grandmother, Augusta, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She corresponded with the publisher, John Murray, who greatly approved of the work.[73] She made her last home at Brantridge Park in West Sussex, which was owned by Queen Mary's brother, Alexander Cambridge, the first Earl of Athlone, and his wife, Princess Alice,[74] who was Beatrice's niece; the Athlones were at the time in Canada where the Earl was Governor-General. There, Beatrice died peacefully in her sleep on 26 October 1944, aged eighty-seven (the day before the 30th anniversary of her son, Prince Maurice's death).[35] After her funeral service in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, her coffin was placed in the royal vault on 3 November. On 28 August 1945, her body was transferred and placed inside a joint tomb, alongside her husband, in St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham.[63] Beatrice's final wish, to be buried with her husband on the island most familiar to her, was fulfilled in a private service at Whippingham attended only by her son, the Marquess of Carisbrooke, and his wife.[63]

Legacy

British Royalty
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Victoria and Albert
Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress
Edward VII
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg

Beatrice was the shyest of all of Queen Victoria's children. However, because she accompanied Queen Victoria almost wherever she went, she became among the best known.[75] Despite her shyness, she was an able actress and dancer as well as a keen artist and photographer.[76] She was devoted to her children and was concerned when they misbehaved at school. To those who enjoyed her friendship, she was loyal and had a sense of humour,[77] and as a public figure she was driven by a strong sense of duty.[78] She was Patron of the Isle of Wight Branch of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution from 1920 until her death.[79] Music, a passion that was shared by her mother and the Prince Consort, was something in which Beatrice excelled, and she played the piano to professional standards.[80] Like her mother, she was a devout Christian, fascinated by theology until her death.[81] With her calm temperament and personal warmth, the princess won wide approval.[82]

The demands made on Beatrice during her mother's reign were high. Despite suffering from rheumatism, Beatrice was forced to endure her mother's love of cold weather.[83] Beatrice's piano playing suffered as her rheumatism got gradually worse, eliminating an enjoyment in which she excelled; however, this did not change her willingness to cater to her mother's needs.[83] Her effort did not go unnoticed by the British public.

In 1886, when she agreed to open the Show of the Royal Horticultural Society of Southampton, the organisers sent her a proclamation of thanks, expressing their "admiration of the affectionate manner in which you have comforted and assisted your widowed mother our Gracious Sovereign the Queen".[84] As a wedding present, Sir Moses Montefiore, a banker and philanthropist, presented Beatrice and Henry with a silver tea service inscribed: "Many daughters have acted virtuously, but thou excellest them all."[85] The Times newspaper, shortly before Beatrice's marriage, wrote: "The devotion of your Royal Highness to our beloved Sovereign has won our warmest admiration and our deepest gratitude. May those blessings which it has hitherto been your constant aim to confer on others now be returned in full measure to yourself."[86] The sentence was, as far as it dared, criticising the Queen's hold over her daughter.[85]

Some of the buildings with which Beatrice would have been familiar, continue to be regularly used by the royal family: Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle, and Kensington Palace. She died at Brantridge Park, the home of her niece, Princess Alice, and her husband, the Earl of Athlone, at the time serving as Governor General of Canada. Osborne House, her mother's favourite home, is accessible to the public.[87] Her Osborne residences, Osborne and Albert Cottages, remain in private ownership after their sale in 1912.[88] At her death, Beatrice was the only surviving child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The future Elizabeth II, Beatrice's great-grandniece, was eighteen years of age at that time.[89]

Through her daughter, Victoria Eugenie, she is an ancestress of Felipe VI, the current King of Spain and the Spanish Royal Family.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Princess Beatrice's coat of arms (1858–1917)

Honours

Arms

In 1858, Beatrice and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony and differenced by a label of three points argent. On Beatrice's arms, the outer points bore roses gules, and the centre a heart gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant from George V.[94]

Issue

PortraitNameBirthDeathNotes
Alexander Mountbatten,
Marquess of Carisbrooke		3 November 188623 February 1960Married, 1917, Lady Irene Denison (4 July 1890 – 16 July 1956);
1 daughter (Lady Iris Mountbatten, 1920–1982).
Victoria Eugénie,
Queen of Spain
("Ena")		24 October 188715 April 1969Married, 1906, King Alfonso XIII of Spain
(17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941);
2 daughters, 5 sons (1 stillborn), (including Don Juan, Count of Barcelona, 1913–1993, Spanish heir-apparent 1933–1977 and father of King Juan Carlos I of Spain).
Lord Leopold Mountbatten21 May 188923 April 1922Suffered from haemophilia; died unmarried and without issue during a knee operation.
Prince Maurice of Battenberg3 October 189127 October 1914Died of wounds from action during World War I.

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ Dennison, p. 2
  2. ↑ Dennison, p. 3
  3. ↑ Longford, (Victoria R. I.), p. 234
  4. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 3
  5. ↑ Dennison, p. 8
  6. 1 2 Dennison, p. 13
  7. ↑ Jagow, p. 272
  8. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 11
  9. ↑ Dennison, p. 22
  10. ↑ Longford, (Victoria, Duchess of Kent) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  11. ↑ Quoted in Epton, p. 92
  12. ↑ Bolitho, p. 104
  13. ↑ Bolitho, pp. 195–196
  14. ↑ Matthew, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  15. ↑ Duff, p. 10
  16. ↑ Victoria, Princess Royal in 1858; Alice in 1862; Helena in 1866; Louise in 1871
  17. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 38
  18. 1 2 Dennison, p. 204
  19. 1 2 Dennison, p. 92
  20. ↑ Bolitho, p. 301
  21. ↑ After a failed assassination attempt on the Queen in 1882, she wrote of Beatrice: "Nothing can exceed dearest Beatrice's courage and calmness, for she saw the whole thing, the man take aim, and fire straight into the carriage, but she never said a word, observing that I was not frightened."
  22. ↑ Buckle, p. 418
  23. ↑ Dennison, pp. 95–101
  24. ↑ Corley, p. 349
  25. ↑ Dennison, pp. 86–87
  26. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 89
  27. 1 2 3 4 Dennison, pp. 103–106
  28. ↑ Cynthia McFarland; Brian Reid (17 August 2003). "Anglican Online archives". Anglican Online. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
  29. ↑ "Deceased Wife's Sister Bill". New York Times. 6 February 1902. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
  30. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 126
  31. ↑ Dennison, p. 116
  32. ↑ Dennison, p. 124
  33. ↑ Dennison, p. 130
  34. ↑ Dennison, pp. 127–129
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Purdue, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  36. ↑ Beatrice and her siblings were confirmed here
  37. ↑ Dennison, pp. 152–153
  38. ↑ "Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg with their bridesmaids and others on their wedding day". National Portrait Gallery, London, UK.
  39. ↑ Dennison, p. 153
  40. ↑ Hibbert, p. 294
  41. 1 2 Dennison, pp. 179–180
  42. 1 2 3 Dennison, p. 171
  43. 1 2 3 4 Dennison, p. 190
  44. 1 2 3 Dennison, pp. 185–186
  45. ↑ Bolitho, p. 27
  46. 1 2 Quoted in Dennison, p. 164
  47. ↑ Dennison, p. 161
  48. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 192
  49. ↑ Dennison, p. 203
  50. ↑ Dennison, pp. 210–212
  51. ↑ Quoted in Dennison, p. 213
  52. ↑ Dennison, pp. 233–234
  53. ↑ Magnus, p. 290
  54. 1 2 Benson, p. 302
  55. ↑ Dennison, pp. 225–228
  56. 1 2 "Extracts from Queen Victoria's journals" (PDF). Official website of the British Monarchy. 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
  57. 1 2 Magnus, p. 461
  58. ↑ "Collections in the Royal Archives". Official website of the British Monarchy. 2008–2009. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  59. ↑ Dennison, p. 215
  60. 1 2 3 Noel, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  61. ↑ Lee, p. 513
  62. 1 2 Noel (Spain's English Queen), p. 10
  63. 1 2 3 "The Princess of the Wight". The Isle of Wight Beacon. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  64. ↑ "Carisbrooke Castle Museum". Carisbrooke Castle Museum Trust. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  65. ↑ Dennison, p. 245
  66. ↑ As a royal princess, Beatrice did not use a surname, but when one was used it was Battenberg (1896–1917) and then Mountbatten (1917–1944)
  67. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 30374. p. 11593. 14 July 1914. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  68. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 30374. p. 11594. 7 November 1914. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  69. ↑ The Ypres League webpage, Aftermath – when the boys came home, accessed 16 January 2010
  70. ↑ "To celebrate the tenth anniversary ...", Reading Eagle, 9 December 1930, p. 10
  71. ↑ "Beatrice Lays Wreath", Getty Images, image number 3294671, from the Hulton Archive, accessed 16 January 2010
  72. ↑ Princess Beatrice pushed in a chair (23 January 1936). Viewing the Wreaths (News broadcast). London, UK: Pathe News.
  73. ↑ Dennison, p. 262
  74. ↑ "Brantridge Park". 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
  75. ↑ Dennison, p. 157
  76. ↑ Dennison: (dancing) pp. 44, 53; (acting) 174–175; (musician) 232–233; (photographer) 121–122
  77. ↑ Aspinall-Oglander, C.F. (1959). "Beatrice, Princess". Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  78. ↑ Dennison, p. 112
  79. ↑ Hennessy, Sue (2010). Hidden Depths: Women of the RNLI. The History Press. ISBN 9780752454436.
  80. ↑ Dennison, p. 58
  81. ↑ Dennison, pp. 84–85
  82. ↑ Dennison, p. 193
  83. 1 2 Dennison, p. 110
  84. ↑ "Illuminated Proclamation for Princess Beatrice". Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America. 31 July 1885. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  85. 1 2 Dennison, p. 134
  86. ↑ The Times newspaper, 29 July 1885
  87. ↑ "Osborne House". English Heritage. 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  88. ↑ Dennison, p. 230
  89. ↑ "Ancestors of Prince William of Wales profile at". Royal Genealogy. 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  90. ↑ Beatrice also held the titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess of Saxony. The German styles were dropped on 14 July 1917
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Princess Beatrice". Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and The Commonwealth. Regiments.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  92. ↑ Sullivan, p. 224
  93. ↑ GeneAll.net – Damas de la Real Orden de la Reina María Luisa, geneall.net; accessed 15 April 2014
  94. ↑ Francois Velde (2007). "British Royal Cadency". Heraldica. Retrieved 18 December 2007.

References

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  • Beatrice, HRH The Princess, A Birthday Book (Smith, Elder & Co. London, 1881)
    • The Adventures of Count Georg Albert of Erbach (John Murray, London, 1890)
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  • Corley, T. A. B., Democratic Despot: A Life of Napoleon III (Barrie and Rockliff, London, 1961)
  • Dennison, Matthew, The Last Princess: The Devoted Life of Queen Victoria's Youngest Daughter (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Great Britain, 2007); ISBN 978-0-297-84794-6
  • Duff, David, The Shy Princess (Evans Brothers, Great Britain, 1958)
  • Epton, Nina, Victoria and her Daughters (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Great Britain, 1971)
  • Jagow, Kurt, Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861 (John Murray, London, 1938)
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  • Longford, Elizabeth Victoria R. I. (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Great Britain, 1964)
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  • Matthew, H. C. G., Edward VII (1841–1910) profile, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2007 accessed 8 November 2007
  • Noel, Gerard, Ena: Spain's English Queen (Constable, London, 1985); ISBN 978-0-09-479520-4
    • 'Ena, princess of Battenberg (1887–1969)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 12 November 2007
  • Purdue, A. W., Princess Beatrice (1857–1944) profile, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; accessed 26 December 2007]
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Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 14 April 1857 Died: 25 October 1944
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Prince Henry of Battenberg		 Governor of the Isle of Wight
1896–1944 		Succeeded by
Unknown

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