Prudence Crandall

Prudence Crandall
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Prudence Crandall (September 3, 1803 – January 28, 1890),[1] a schoolteacher raised as a Quaker,[2] stirred controversy with her education of African-American girls in Canterbury, Connecticut. Her private school, opened in the fall of 1831,[3] was boycotted when she admitted a 17-year-old African-American female student in the autumn of 1833,[4] resulting in what is widely regarded as the first integrated classroom in the United States.

She is Connecticut's official State Heroine.[5]

Early life

Prudence Crandall was born on September 3, 1803 to Pardon and Esther Carpenter Crandall, a Quaker couple in the Hope Valley area[4] in the town of Hopkinton, Rhode Island.[2] At the age of 17, her father decided to move the family to the small town of Canterbury, Connecticut.[3] She attended the Friends' Boarding School in Providence, Rhode Island [6] and later taught in a school for girls in Canterbury. In 1831, she returned to run the newly established Canterbury Female Boarding School,[7] which she purchased with her sister Almira.[3]

Integration of the boarding school

In the fall of 1832,[8] a young woman by the name of Sarah Harris, the daughter of a free African American farmer in the local community,[2] asked to be accepted to the school to prepare for teaching other African Americans.[6] Her father owned a small farm near Canterbury, and Harris even attended the same district school as the white girls who were attending Crandall's school as teenagers.

Although she was uncertain of the repercussions that this would cause,[2] Crandall eventually allowed Harris to attend her school.[6] Many prominent townspeople objected and pressured to have Harris dismissed from the school,[2] but Crandall refused. Families of the current students removed their daughters.[2]

Consequently, Crandall ceased teaching white girls altogether and opened up her school strictly to African American girls.[2] Crandall temporarily closed the school and began openly recruiting students on March 2, 1833, when William Lloyd Garrison, a supporter of the school, placed advertisements for new pupils in his newspaper The Liberator.[6] Her advertisement announced that on the first Monday of April 1833 she would open a school “for the reception of young ladies and little misses of color, ... Terms, $25 per quarter, one half paid in advance.” In the list of references were Arthur Tappan, Samuel J. May, William Lloyd Garrison, and Arnold Buffum.[9]

As word of the school passed up and down the Atlantic seaboard, African American families began sending their daughters from out of state to the school. On April 1, 1833, twenty African-American girls from Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, and surrounding areas in Connecticut arrived at Miss Crandall's School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color.[4]

The new school

Crandall taught a variety of subjects, including reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, history, natural and moral philosophy, chemistry, astronomy, drawing and painting, music and the piano, and even the French language. The students were required to pay $25 per quarter, half in advance. This money covered tuition, board, and washing, while books and stationery were purchased and provided to the girls at a discounted price.[6] Crandall's excitement and sense of accomplishment at running a school to help young black women was short-lived because of the immediate ostracism and criticism she faced from her community and even the state.

Public backlash

Citizens of Canterbury at first protested the school and then held town meetings "to devise and adopt such measures as would effectually avert the nuisance, or speedily abate it..."[4] Unable to shake Crandall's spirit, the town response escalated into warnings, threats, and acts of violence against the school. Crandall was faced with great local opposition, and her detractors had no plans to back down.

On May 24, 1833, the Connecticut legislature passed the "Black Law", which prohibited a school with African American students from outside the state without the town's permission.[7] In July, Crandall was arrested and placed in the county jail for one night and then released under bond to await her trials.[2]

Under the Black Law, the townspeople refused any amenities to the students or Crandall, closing their shops and meeting houses to them. Stage drivers also refused to provide them with transportation, and even the town doctors would not attend to their needs.[7] To make matters worse, the townspeople also poisoned the school's well—its only water source—with animal feces and then prevented Crandall from obtaining any water from other sources.[2] It was difficult for Crandall to run her school, but she continued to teach the young women, angering the community even further.

Crandall's students also suffered. One 17-year-old student, Anna Eliza Hammond, was even arrested; however, with the help of local abolitionist Samuel J. May, she was able to post bail bond through collections and donations of $10,000.[2]

In response to May's support of Crandall, Connecticut politician Andrew T. Judson stated,

Mr. May, we are not merely opposed to the establishment of that school in Canterbury; we mean there shall not be such a school set up anywhere in our State. The colored people can never rise from their menial condition in our country; they ought not to be permitted to rise here. They are an inferior race of beings, and never call or ought to be recognized as the equals of the whites.[10]

Judicial proceedings

A prominent abolitionist, Arthur Tappan of New York, donated $10,000 to hire the ablest lawyers to defend Crandall throughout her trials,[4] the first of which opened at the Windham County Court on August 23, 1833.[2] The constitutionality of the Connecticut law regarding the education of African Americans was the driving issue of the cases.

The defense argued that African Americans were citizens in other states, so therefore there was no reason why they should not be considered as such in Connecticut. Thus, they focused on the deprivation of their rights under the United States Constitution.[2] In contrast, the prosecution denied the fact that freed African-Americans were citizens in any state, and the county court jury ultimately failed to reach a decision for the cases.[11]

Although a second trial in Superior Court decided against the school, the case was taken to the Supreme Court of Errors (now called the Connecticut Supreme Court) on appeal in July 1834.[3] At the conclusion of this appeal, the Connecticut high court reversed the decision of the lower court, dismissing the case on July 22 because of a procedural defect. The Black Law prohibited the education of black children from outside of Connecticut without the permission of the local civil authority and town selectmen. But the prosecution's information which charged Crandall had not alleged that she had established her school without the permission of the civil authority and selectmen of Canterbury. Therefore, the Supreme Court held that the information was fatally defective because the conduct which it alleged did not constitute a crime.[12][4]

The judicial process had not stopped the operation of the Canterbury school,[6] but the townspeople's violence against it increased. The windows were smashed with heavy iron bars as the vandalism continued. The public was so angry at the dismissal of the case that on September 9, the school was set on fire.[13] For the safety of her students, her family and herself, Prudence Crandall decided to close her school on September 10, 1834.[2]

Later years

In August of the same year the school closed, Prudence Crandall married the Rev. Calvin Philleo, a Baptist preacher.[3] Mr. and Mrs. Philleo moved to Massachusetts, then lived in New York, Rhode Island, and Illinois, where Calvin Phileo died in 1874.[4] The widowed Prudence Crandall reassumed her unmarried name and relocated with her brother Hezekiah to Elk Falls, Kansas around 1877.[3] Hezekiah Crandall died there in 1881.[14] Prudence Crandall died there on January 28, 1890, at the age of 86. She and her brother are buried in Elk Falls Cemetery.[15]

In May 1835, another brother, Reuben Crandall, who had studied medicine at Yale and taught botany, moved from Peekskill, New York to Washington, D.C., received a medical license and began giving lectures and cataloging plants. His trunks included many Anti-Slavery Society tracts and newspapers (some of which he used to wrap plants). On August 10, 1835 two constables arrested him on the charge of possession of abolitionist tracts with the intent to distribute them. A lynch mob gathered at the jail and U.S. Attorney Francis Scott Key prosecuted him, not long after riots caused by a supposed murder attempt on a white woman by a mentally ill slave, Arthur Bowen. Crandall was jailed for eight months before a two-week trial, after which a jury acquitted him of all five charges. However, Crandall had contracted tuberculosis, and after returning briefly to Connecticut, moved in 1836 to Jamaica, where he died of the disease, aged 30.[16]

Connecticut repealed the Black Law in 1838,[17] and later recognized Prudence Crandall with an act of the state legislature, prominently supported by Mark Twain, providing her with a $400 yearly pension in 1886, shortly before her death (equivalent to $10,600 in 2015).[6][18]

Legacy

The Episcopal Church (USA) remembers Crandall annually on its liturgical calendar for September 3, as a saint.[19]

Garrison Keillor is a descendant of Crandall.[20]

Crandall's school still stands in Canterbury,[6] and currently serves as the Prudence Crandall museum, run by the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism. Her papers are held by Connecticut College.[21] The Prudence Crandall House in Canterbury was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.[22]

Also in 1991, Crandall was the subject of a television movie entitled She Stood Alone. Actress Mare Winningham portrayed her.[23]

In Enfield, Connecticut, the Prudence Crandall Elementary School is named after her. Her husband Calvin Philleo, or a family member with a similar name, is interred at Old Center Cemetery in Suffield, Connecticut, also in Hartford County.[24]

In 1995, the Connecticut General Assembly designated Prudence Crandall as the state's official heroine,[25] and in 2009 a statue of Crandall and a pupil was installed in the state capital.[26]

Kansas erected an interstate highway marker to honor Crandall (which also noted her Connecticut litigation as a precursor to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education which involved the school district of Topeka several counties to the northeast).[27]

References

  1. ↑ Adams, James Truslow (1930). "Crandall, Prudence". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Wormley, G. Smith. "The Journal of Negro History", "Prudence Crandall", Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 1923.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Green, Arnold W. ">"Nineteenth Century Canterbury Tale", "Phylon (1940–1956), Vol. 7, No. 1, 1st Qtr. Clark Atlanta University, 1966.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Tisler, C.C. Prudence Crandall, Abolitionist", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908–1984), Vol. 33, No. 2, Jan. 1940.
  5. ↑ "The State Heroine". Connecticut.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Small, Edwin W. and Small, Miriam R. "Prudence Crandall Champion of Negro Education", The New England Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4, Dec. 1944.
  7. 1 2 3 "Alexander, Elizabeth and Nelson, Marilyn. Miss Crandall's School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color", Wordsong, 2007.
  8. ↑ Rycenga, Jennifer. "A Greater Awakening: Women's Intellect as a Factor in Early Abolitionist Movements, 1824–1834", Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2005.
  9. ↑  Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Crandall, Prudence". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  10. ↑ "Miss Prudence Crandall and the Canterbury School (excerpt from Some recollections of our antislavery conflict by Samuel J. Morse)". Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  11. ↑ "A Statement of Facts. Respecting the School for Colored Females in Canterbury, CT Together with a Report of the Late Trial of Miss Prudence Crandall", Brooklyn, Connecticut, 1833, Advertiser Press. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  12. ↑ Crandall v. State of Connecticut, 10 Conn. 339, 366–72 (1834). From Google Books. Retrieved on December 25, 2015.
  13. ↑ Larned, Ellen D. "History of Windham County, Connecticut", Worcester C. Hamilton, 1880.
  14. ↑ Grave of Hezekiah Crandall, Find a Grave. Retrieved on December 25, 2015.
  15. ↑ Grave of Prudence Crandall, Find a Grave. Retrieved on December 25, 2015.
  16. ↑ Leepson, Marc, What so Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a life (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) pp. 169–172, 181–185
  17. ↑ "Connecticut's Black Law", Historic Texts and Transcripts. Yale University. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  18. ↑ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Prudence Crandall, Teacher and Prophetic Witness". Satucket.org. September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  20. ↑ Keillor, Garrison (September 14, 2016). "I Haven't Gone Fishing With Her, But Here's What I know About Her". Denver Post. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Prudence Crandall Collection Finding Aid". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  22. ↑ "Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plan Series: From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans", OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 15, No. 2, Winter 2001.
  23. ↑ She Stood Alone, Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on December 25, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Calvin Wheeler Philleo (1822 - ) - Find A Grave Photos". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  25. ↑ STATE OF CONNECTICUT, Sites º Seals º Symbols; Connecticut State Register & Manual; retrieved on January 4, 2007
  26. ↑ http://www.kids.ct.gov/kids/cwp/view.asp?a=2577q=428212
  27. ↑ "Prudence Crandall Interstate Memorial Marker". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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