Prune
A prune is a dried plum of any cultivar,[1] mostly Prunus domestica or European Plum. The use of the term for fresh fruit is obsolete except when applied to varieties grown for drying.[1]
Most prunes are freestone cultivars (the pit is easy to remove), whereas most other plums grown for fresh consumption are clingstone (the pit is more difficult to remove).
Production
More than 1,000 plum cultivars are grown for drying. The main cultivar grown in the United States is the Improved French prune. Other varieties include Sutter, Tulare Giant, Moyer, Imperial, Italian, and Greengage. Fresh prunes reach the market earlier than fresh plums and are usually smaller in size.
Name
In 2001, plum growers in the United States were authorised by the government to call prunes "dried plums".[2] Due to the popular U.S. perception of prunes being used only for relief of constipation, and being the subject of related joking, many distributors stopped using the word "prune" on packaging labels in favour of "dried plums".[3]
Uses
Prunes are used in cooking both sweet and savory dishes. Stewed prunes, a compote, are a dessert. Prunes are a frequent ingredient in North African tagines. Perhaps the best-known gastronomic prunes are those of Agen (pruneaux d'Agen). Prunes are used frequently in Tzimmes, a traditional Jewish dish in which the principal ingredient is diced or sliced carrots; in the Nordic prune kisel, eaten with rice pudding in the Christmas dinner; and in the traditional Norwegian dessert fruit soup. Prunes have also been included in other holiday dishes, such as stuffing, cake, and to make sugar plums. Prune-filled Danish pastries are popular primarily in New York and other parts of the U.S. East Coast. Prune ice cream is popular in the Dominican Republic.[4] Chocolate-covered prunes are a traditional confectionery in Eastern Europe. Prunes are also used to make juice and kompot (uzvar), a traditional drink in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe.[5] In the Cotswolds, prunes were fermented to form a cider-like drink called jerkum. Due to the high sugar content of prunes, it was considered particularly potent as compared to contemporary ciders and beers.
Health effects
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 1,006 kJ (240 kcal) |
|
63.88 g | |
| Sugars | 38.13 g |
| Dietary fiber | 7.1 g |
|
0.38 g | |
|
2.18 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Vitamin A equiv. |
(5%) 39 μg (4%) 394 μg148 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(4%) 0.051 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(16%) 0.186 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(13%) 1.882 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(8%) 0.422 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(16%) 0.205 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(1%) 4 μg |
| Choline |
(2%) 10.1 mg |
| Vitamin C |
(1%) 0.6 mg |
| Vitamin E |
(3%) 0.43 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(57%) 59.5 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(4%) 43 mg |
| Iron |
(7%) 0.93 mg |
| Magnesium |
(12%) 41 mg |
| Manganese |
(14%) 0.299 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(10%) 69 mg |
| Potassium |
(16%) 732 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%) 2 mg |
| Zinc |
(5%) 0.44 mg |
| Other constituents | |
| Fluoride | 4 µg |
|
| |
| |
|
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Benefits
Prunes and their juice contain mild laxatives including phenolic compounds (mainly as neochlorogenic acids and chlorogenic acids) and sorbitol.[6] Prunes also contain dietary fiber (about 7%, or 0.07 g per gram of prune). Prunes and prune juice are thus common home remedies for constipation, but a 2010 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) found that the evidence was "insufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of dried plums of "prune" cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function".[7] A 2012 review by the same body, however, reversed this decision and proposed that prunes did effectively contribute to the restoration of normal bowel function in the general population if consumed in quantities of at least 100g per day (approximately 3-4oz). Prunes also have a high antioxidant content.[8]
Disadvantages
Prunes have been found to contain "surprising" amounts of acrylamide, a known neurotoxin and a probable carcinogen.[9] Acrylamide does not occur naturally in foods but is formed during the cooking process at temperatures in excess of 100 °C. Although the common drying mechanism of prunes does not involve high temperatures, formation of high amounts of acrylamide has been reported in dried prunes as well as pears.
Although acrylamide has known toxic effects on the nervous system and on fertility, a June 2002 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization concluded the intake level required to observe neuropathy (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day) was 500 times higher than the average dietary intake of acrylamide (1 μg/kg body weight/day). For effects on fertility, the level is 2,000 times higher than the average intake.[10] From this, they concluded acrylamide levels in food were safe in terms of neuropathy, but raised concerns over human carcinogenicity based on known carcinogenicity in laboratory animals.[10]
See also
References
- 1 2 "prune". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ "FDA Approves Prune Name Change". ABC News. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
- ↑ Janick, Jules and Robert E. Paull (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-638-8. p. 696.
- ↑ Bhanwar Lal Jat; Rajesh K. Yadav; Deepmala Verma; Urmila Chaudhary; Rajnee; Manisha Mavai; Raaz K. Maheshwari. "Biomedicinal Sovereignty of Prunes for Gastrointestinal Ailments Rehabilitation" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Medicines. 2 (2): 161–166.
- ↑ Kompot (uzvar) recipe. Enjoyyourcooking.com
- ↑ Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Bowen, PE; Hussain, EA; Damayanti-Wood, BI; Farnsworth, NR (2001). "Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?". Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 41 (4): 251–86. doi:10.1080/20014091091814. PMID 11401245.
- ↑ Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of ‘prune’ cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal 2010; 8(2):1486 [14 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1486
- ↑ "USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. May 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
- ↑ Acrylamide in dried Fruits ETH Life (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)
- 1 2 FAO/WHO Consultation on the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; Geneva, 25–27 June 2002, Summary Report. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-06-11.
External links
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