Public Buildings Act

Buildings of Federal Triangle under construction in 1932, pursuant to the Public Buildings Act.

Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse, Alabama.

Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building, Texas.

The Public Buildings Act of 1926, also known as the Elliot-Fernald Act,^[1] was a statute which governed the construction of federal buildings throughout the United States, and authorized funding for this construction. Its primary sponsor in the House of Representatives was Representative Richard N. Elliott of Indiana (who served on the House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds), and its primary sponsor in the Senate was Bert M. Fernald of Maine (who served on the Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Congress had provided funding for no federal buildings between 1913 and 1926.^[2] The U.S. federal government had struggled with the need to build a number of large governmental office buildings since the mid-1910s, but little had been done.^[3] In January 1924, the Public Buildings Commission (an independent agency of the executive branch) recommended that a new series of federal office buildings be built near the White House.^[4] President Calvin Coolidge asked the United States Congress for legislation and funds in his message of December 9, 1924.^[5] The House passed a $150 million construction bill in February 1925, but the bill died in the Senate a month later.^[6] The legislation was reintroduced on January 8, 1926.^[7] The House passed the measure on February 15.^[8] The measure proved highly contentious in the Senate.^[9] After much debate, the Senate adopted the bill along with an amendment offered by Sen. William Cabell Bruce of Maryland which restricted construction of government buildings in Washington, D.C., to sites south of Pennsylvania Avenue.^[10] The bill went into a House-Senate conference committee, so that the differences between the two bills could be reconciled. The conference committee report recommended inclusion of the "Bruce amendment." The Senate accepted the conference committee's bill on May 17, 1926,^[11] and the House did so on May 19.^[12] President Coolidge signed the bill into law on May 25, 1926.^[13][14][15]

The legislation contained three major provisions:^[13][14]

1. An appropriation of $15 million to carry out building construction authorized in 1913, but never funded.
2. An appropriation of $50 million to be used to construct federal office buildings in Washington, D.C.
3. An appropriation of $100 million to be used to construct federal office buildings and post offices throughout the country.

The legislation required Congressional approval of any expenditure in the nation's capital.^[13][14][16] It also restricted the executive branch from spending more than $10 million annually in the District of Columbia, and more than $5 million annually in any single state.^[13] The legislation authorized the United States Department of the Treasury to begin construction on the Federal Triangle complex of buildings, purchase land for a new Supreme Court of the United States building, construct a major extension of the United States Government Printing Office building on North Capitol Street in the District of Columbia, and significantly widen B Street NW on the north side of the National Mall (eventually renamed Constitution Avenue).^[14][17]

Buildings constructed outside the District of Columbia under the Act include:

• The Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Montgomery, Alabama
• The E. Ross Adair Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Fort Wayne, Indiana
• The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Dubuque, Iowa
• The United States Post Office and Court House in Lexington, Kentucky
• The William R. Cotter Federal Building in Hartford, Connecticut
• The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Dallas, Texas
• The Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building in Lubbock, Texas

Congress amended the Act in 1930 to permit private (not just federally employed) architects to bid on design contracts, and agreed to fund the construction of the Justice, Labor/ICC, National Archives, and Post Office buildings.^[18]

The Act was challenged in part in United States v. Carmack,^[19] wherein the United States Supreme Court upheld the challenged provisions, holding that the federal government had the constitutional authority to condemn land containing buildings owned by a state government.^[20]

References

1. American Civic Association. American Civic Annual: A Record of Recent Civil Advance With a List of Who's Who in Civic Achievement Among the Members of the American Civic Association. Washington, D.C.: The Association, 1929, p. 87-88.
2. Peters, John O. and Peters, Margaret T. Virginia's Historic Courthouses. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1995, p. 218.
3. "Wide Federal Plan for Buildings Told." New York Times. June 6, 1926.
4. "$50,000,000 Plea for Buildings Here Goes to Congress," Washington Post, January 4, 1924; Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission. 2d ed. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, p. 181; Abrams, Brett L. Capital Sporting Grounds: A History of Stadium and Ballpark Construction in Washington, D.C. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2009, p. 12.
5. Caemmerer, H. Paul. A Manual On The Origin And Development of Washington. Reprint ed. Negley Press, 2008, p. 296.
6. "$150,000,000 Public Building Measure Is Passed by House." Washington Post. February 3, 1925; "$150,000,000 Public Buildings Bill Dead." Washington Post. March 4, 1925.
7. "$50,000,000 Asked for Building Here in 2 Clashing Bills." Washington Post. January 9, 1926.
8. "Public Building Measure Passed By House, 263-120." Washington Post. February 16, 1926; "House Passes Bill for Public Buildings." New York Times. February 16, 1926.
9. "Fight Buildings Bill." New York Times. April 29, 1926.
10. "Building Measure, With Local Phases Altered, Is Passed." Washington Post. May 6, 1926.
11. "Building Bill Report Accepted by Senate." Washington Post. May 18, 1926; "House Passes Money Bills." New York Times. May 18, 1926.
12. "Day in Congress." Washington Post. May 19, 1926.
13. "Coolidge Signs Bill for New Buildings." New York Times. May 26, 1926.
14. "$165,000,000 Public Building Measure Signed By Coolidge." Washington Post. May 26, 1926.
15. Miller, John B. Principles of Public and Private Infrastructure Delivery. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 156; Tompkins, Sally K. and Boucher, Jack E. A Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, p. 38.
16. Cannadine, David. Mellon: An American Life. Reprint ed. New York: Random House, 2008, p. 373.
17. Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, 2008, p. 373, 375-376; Goode, James. "Introduction: The Creation of Monumental Washington in the 1930s." In Wentzel, Volkmar Kurt and Goode, James. Washington by Night: Vintage Photographs From the 30s. Reprint ed. James Goode, ed. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing, 1998, p. 13.
18. Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, 2008, p. 398.
19. United States v. Carmack, 329 U.S. 230 (1946).
20. "United States Supreme Court." New York Times. December 10, 1946; Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis G. Individual Rights and Liberties Under the U.S. Constitution: The Case Law of the U.S. Supreme Court. Boston: M. Nijhoff, 2007, p. 820.