Puente de España

Puente de España
The Puente de España in 1899
Coordinates	14°35′46″N 120°58′40.4″E / 14.59611°N 120.977889°ECoordinates: 14°35′46″N 120°58′40.4″E / 14.59611°N 120.977889°E
Carries	Vehicular and pedestrian traffic (1630-1914) Streetcar (1905-1914)
Crosses	Pasig River
Locale	Manila, Philippines
Other name(s)	Puente Grande or Puente de piedra (1630-1863)
Preceded by	Puente Colgante (1852), now Quezon Bridge Santa Cruz Bridge (1902)
Followed by	None
Characteristics
Material	Volcanic tuff
Total length	414.25 ft (126.26 m)
Width	22.25 ft (6.78 m) (1814-1901) widened in 1901
Number of spans	Puente Grande, 10 Puente de España, 8
History
Architect	Lucas de Jesus María (1630)
Engineering design by	Antonio Herrera (1630)
Constructed by	Spanish colonial government in the Philippines
Construction begin	1626
Construction end	1630
Opened	1630
Collapsed	1914
Closed	1921

Puente de España or the Bridge of Spain was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the Philippines connecting the areas of Binondo and Santa Cruz on Calle Nueva (now E.T. Yuchengco St) with the central Manila. The span was the oldest established in the country before it was damaged by flood in 1914. The bridge was replaced by Jones Bridge that was started 1916 and completed in 1921, located one block downriver from Puente de España on Calle Rosario (now Quintin Paredes St).

Puente Grande

The Puente Grande with wooden superstructure spanning Pasig River as sketched in 1794 by Fernando Brambila, a member of the Malaspina Expedition.

The first bridge to ever cross the Pasig River was the Puente Grande, a ten-span bridge opened in 1630 by the Spanish colonial government. Work on the bridge started in 1626 under the rule of Spanish Governor Fernando de Silva who reported that the city had decided to build a stone bridge over the river. The beam bridge connected Intramuros and with the business district of Binondo, making the travel across easier and faster than the ferry service that existed before. The bridge was completed in 1630, under the rule of Juan Niño de Tabora. The bridge was built without cost to the treasury, as the Sangleys (Chinese) had paid for it as it relieved them of ferryboat charges.^[1]

Bridge design

The work of construction was directed by the Recollect priest Lucas de Jesus María, and that the bridge as built consisted of stone piers and a wooden superstructure. At the south end of the bridge is a structure called Fortín y Mira (small fort and look-out). Its use was to guard this approach to the city as part of the defence of Manila. The wooden superstructure, besides being more easily and cheaply built, had a military value in that communications between the two parts of the city, as divided by the river, could be easily and quickly destroyed by destroying the woodwork. This was done during an insurrection of the Chinese in 1638.^[1]

Construction of the bridge

The engineering work was credited to an Augustinian friar Antonio Herrera. In order to expose the river bed, he diverted half of the water of the river into the moats and esteros (canals) which existed along the east and south fronts of the walled city and then cut a channel from the west end of the moat, on the south (near Paseo de Luneta) to the sea. By building heavy dikes he removed the water from a part of the river bed, which permitted the construction of the piers for half of the bridge. The same plan was followed for the piers of the other half. The piers were built of a local stone, known locally as Guadalupe adobe stone named from where the stones were quarried (now Brgy. Guadalupe Viejo in Makati City); its formation being a volcanic tuff.^[1]

The Puente Grande, also called the Puente de Piedra (Stone bridge) after the wooden superstructure was replaced with stone arches in 1814.

Puente de Piedra

In 1814, the wooden superstructures were replaced with stone arches and the stone piers were strengthened. The bridge was also called Puente de Piedra (Stone Bridge), while the old name remained popular. The earthquake of 3 June 1863, one of the strongest to hit the Philippines, levelled most of Manila. The bridge was damaged when the central piers of the bridge sank.^[1]

The temporary pontoon bridge that spanned adjacent to Puente Grande after it was damaged by the 1863 earthquake. In the background are the newly reconstructed Santo Domingo Church and the Magellan Monument.

Puente de Barcas

While the Puente Grande was being assessed and repaired, a temporary pontoon bridge called Puente de Barcas (Bridge of Boats) was constructed one block below on Calle Rosario.^[2] In the middle of the bridge, the spans were supported by cascos, or large flat-bottomed boats common in the area.^[1]

The triple-branched street lamp made by La Carrière in Paris and commissioned by José Echeverría to adorn and illuminate the Puente de España.^[3]

During the reconstruction of the old bridge, the two piers near the centre were removed lessening the number of spans to eight. Then, two steel-ribbed central spans were used to span the space left by the removed piers. The bridge was opened on 1 January 1875 and was renamed as Puente de España.

American colonial period

The bridge remained unchanged until 1901 during the American Colonial Era when the bridge was widened to accommodate more pedestrians and vehicles, even with the construction of nearby Santa Cruz Bridge that was started in 1900. With the addition of additional lanes of traffic, as a result, the street lamps on the bridge were removed. In 1905, tracks were laid on the bridge to accommodate the "tranvías", a tram (streetcar) system that ran throughout Manila.

Destruction

The Puente de España during the American Colonial Period after it was widened and tracks were added for streetcars.

In September, 1914, non-stop rains flooded the streets of Manila and swelling the Pasig River. The flood damaged the central pier of the bridge and was removed. A temporary truss bridge was installed after a few months over the remaining spans while a replacement bridge was constructed one block downriver.

Jones Bridge

In 1916, the construction was started on a neoclassical reinforced concrete arch bridge by the American colonial government across Calle Rosario on the site of the old temporary Puente de Barcas. The span was renamed as Jones Bridge after former Virginia Rep. William Atkinson Jones, who was the principal author of the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916,^[4] a bill assuring the future independence of the Philippines. The bridge was completed and opened for traffic in 1921.^[5] Soon after, the Bridge of Spain was dismantled ending its long history. Its replacement, Jones Bridge, was destroyed by bombs during the Battle of Manila in World War II and was replaced by the present bridge (Jones Bridge II).^[6][7]

References

1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer (1915). "Professional Memoirs, Volume 7", pg. 615-620. Engineer School Washington Barracks, D.C.
2. Foreman, John (F.R.G.S.) (1906)."The Philippine Islands", pg. 349. Kelly and Walsh, Ltd.
3. "The Gran Manila". Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
4. Tewell, John (2009-03-22). "Figures on Jones Bridge". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
5. Lockwood, R.B. (1921-06). "The American Chamber of Commerce Journal - Engineering Review", pg 29. American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands.
6. Tewell, John (2009-08-23). "Jones Bridge before World War II". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-18.
7. "Jones Bridge, National Post Office Building, late 1920s". Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-18.

External links

• The River and the Sea: Bridges, Ports and Lighthouses for other bridges on Pasig River and other structures built during the Spanish Colonial Period.