Rainbow (Mariah Carey album)

Rainbow
Studio album by Mariah Carey
Released November 2, 1999 (1999-11-02)
Recorded May 29, 1999 (1999-05-29) – October 21, 1999 (1999-10-21)
Genre
Length 55:49
Label Columbia
Producer
Mariah Carey chronology
#1's
(1998)		 Rainbow
(1999)		 Glitter
(2001)
Singles from Rainbow
  1. "Heartbreaker"
    Released: September 21, 1999
  2. "Thank God I Found You"
    Released: January 25, 2000
  3. "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"
    Released: June 6, 2000
  4. "Crybaby"
    Released: July 18, 2000
  5. "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"
    Released: October 3, 2000

Rainbow is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on November 2, 1999, by Columbia Records. The album followed the same pattern as Carey's previous album, Butterfly (1997), in which she began her transition into the R&B market. Rainbow contains a mix of hip-hop-influenced R&B jams, as well as a variety of slow ballads. On the album, Carey worked with David Foster and Diane Warren, who, as well as Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, replaced Walter Afanasieff, the main balladeer Carey worked with throughout the 90s. As a result of her separation from her husband, Tommy Mottola, Carey had more control over the musical style of this album, so she collaborated with several artists such as Jay-Z, Usher, and Snoop Dogg, as well as Missy Elliott, Joe, Da Brat, Master P, Eve, Lil' Kim, 98°, Phil Collins and Mystikal.

On Carey's previous album, Butterfly, she began incorporating several other genres, including R&B, soul and hip-hop, into her musical repertoire. In order to further push her musical horizons, Carey featured Jay-Z on the album's lead single, the first time in her career that another artist was featured on one of her lead singles. Carey wrote ballads that were closer to R&B than pop for this album, and worked with Snoop Dogg and Usher on songs such as "Crybaby" and "How Much", both of which featured strong R&B beats and grooves. Several of the ballads that Carey wrote during this period, including "Thank God I Found You" (written with Terry Lewis) and "After Tonight" (written with Diane Warren), mirrored sentiments she experienced in her personal life.

Rainbow was well received by critics, who generally praised Carey's embrace of R&B and hip hop in her music. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, with first week sales of 323,000. It was her first album in years to not reach number one. Rainbow was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of three million copies within the United States. Outside the US, the album debuted atop the charts in France, and within the top five in Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In Europe, Rainbow was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), denoting shipments of one million copies throughout the continent.

Five singles were released from the album. The album's lead single, "Heartbreaker" featuring Jay-Z, became Carey's fourteenth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, and topped the charts in Canada, New Zealand, France and Spain. "Thank God I Found You", featuring Joe and 98 Degrees, also topped the Hot 100, but achieved moderate international charting. The next two singles, "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme) and "Crybaby" featuring Snoop Dogg, were released as a double A-side. The songs were at the center of a public feud in between Carey and Sony due to Sony's alleged weak promotion of the singles. Carey's cover of Phil Collins' "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" with Westlife peaked at number one in Brazil, Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Background

Since her debut in 1990, Carey's career was heavily calculated and controlled by her husband and head of her label Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola.[2] For years, Carey's albums had consisted of slow and meaningful ballads, devoid of any guest appearances or hip-hop. In January 1995, as she recorded Daydream, Carey began taking more control over her musical style and genre influences.[2] She enlisted the production skills and rap styles of Ol' Dirty Bastard, who was featured on the remix of her song "Fantasy." While Mottola was hesitant at first, Carey's influence paid off:[2] the song became an international chart topper, with critics calling their joint performance one of the pioneering songs of pop and R&B musical collaborations.[3]

During the recording and production of Carey's Butterfly in 1997, the couple separated, leaving Carey an extended amount of control over the unfinished album.[3] Following their separation, Carey began working with younger hip-hop and R&B producers and songwriters, aside from her usual work with balladeers Walter Afanasieff and Kenneth Edmonds.[1] While the album incorporated several different genres and components that were not present in Carey's previous releases, Butterfly also included a balance of her classic ballads and newer R&B-infused jams.[1] While Sony accepted Carey's new collaborations with writers and producers such as P. Diddy and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, they continued to focus their promotion on the ballads. After "Honey," the debut single from Butterfly, was released in August 1997, Sony halted the release of the succeeding R&B-influenced jams, and released the ballad "My All" as the second worldwide single. Rainbow followed in its predecessors' footsteps, becoming even more drenched in modern hip-hop and R&B.[1]

Writing and recording

During the spring of 1999, Carey began working on the final album of her record contract with Sony, her ex-husband's label.[4] Carey's lover at the time, Luis Miguel, was in the midst of a European tour. In order to spend more time with him, she opted to record the album on the secluded island of Capri, Italy, figuring the seclusion would also help her complete the album sooner.[4] During this time, Carey's strained relationship with Sony affected her work with writing partner Afanasieff, who had worked extensively with Carey throughout the first half of her career.[4] Aside from their growing creative differences, Mottola had given Afanasieff more opportunities to work with other artists.[5] She felt Mottola was trying to separate her from Afanasieff, in hopes of keeping their relationship permanently strained.[5] Due to the pressure and the awkward relationship Carey had now developed with Sony, she completed the album in a period of three months in the summer of 1999, quicker than any of her other albums.[5] In an interview with Blitz TV, Carey spoke of her decision to record the album in Capri:

I love New York. But if I'm there, I want to go out, friends come to the studio, the phone rings constantly. But in Capri, I am in a remote place, and there is no one I can run into. I felt that in Capri I would be able to effectively finish the album on a shorter schedule. And I did. I made it in three months, I was like 'Get me off this label!' I couldn't take it. The situation there [Sony] was becoming increasingly difficult.[4]

Like her previous releases, Carey co-wrote and co-produced the album's material, working with several hip-hop and R&B producers such as Jay-Z, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Usher, Snoop Dogg, Missy Elliott, Jermaine Dupri, and Brian Michael Cox.[5] For the album's debut single release, Carey collaborated with Jay-Z and DJ Clue.[6] During the spring of 1999, Carey began working with Clue on several hooks and melodies for the lead single. After a few hours, they decided to include a hip-hop star on the track, which eventually led to Jay-Z.[6] Carey's longtime friend and back-up vocalist Trey Lorenz, who was featured on her remake of the Jackson 5 song "I'll Be There," added "some soft male [back-up] vocals."[6] Carey worked with Lewis and Jam on the ballad "Thank God I Found You."[7] She had already been in the studio with the duo several times when she contacted them to meet her at the studio, where she told them that she had come up with the title, hook, and melody. Usually, when Carey was writing the songs for Rainbow, James "Big Jim" Wright would play the organ or piano and assist Carey to find the "right melody."[7] However, since Wright was not present, Lewis played the organ while Carey directed him with her lower registers, providing the chord progression. They composed the song and recorded Carey's vocals. Knowing she wanted to introduce a male vocalist on the track, Lewis brought R&B singer Joe and pop group 98 Degrees into the studio.[7] After a few hours, the group and Joe had recorded all their vocals and the song was complete.[7] In an interview with Bronson, Lewis discussed the night Carey wrote "Thank God I Found You:"

It all happened that night. She told us the title of the song, the concept and sang us the melody. We usually have Big Jim Wright sit in on those kind of sessions to work out the chords. he wasn't there so I had to work on the chord myself. So I was playing and there was a part where I said 'Man, what chord am I supposed to do here?' and Mariah has such a good ear that she sang me the chord.[7]

While the album was immersed further into mainstream R&B territory, Carey included some of her classic ballads and tender love songs on the album, working with writers and producers such as David Foster and Diane Warren.[5] The idea to work with Warren was suggested by Foster, who thought that the two would be able to "hammer out one hell of a ballad" together.[5] The two wrote and produced the song titled "After Tonight." Carey felt the song was a perfect metaphor for her relationship with Miguel, describing their romance in Capri. While the song was deemed a success by both parties, they described their working relationship with mixed feelings.[5] According to Foster, who was involved in the writing session, Carey and Warren would not always agree on the lyrics and melodious structure of the song. He described it as a "give and take relationship"; Warren would offer lyrics and Carey would not like them; she wanted something more intricate and detailed. Carey would produce a hook or lyrics that Warren did not feel were a perfect fit.[5] In the end, Foster felt that they worked "well together". After recording the song, Carey invited Miguel to record the song with her as a duet.[8] However, after recording his verses several times, Foster and Carey realized that the song would not turn out the way they planned.[8] Foster said the song's key was "too high for him"; the voices did not harmonize well. Carey did not have time to re-record her vocals in a lower key to accommodate Miguel's verses.[8] Miguel, furious over the failed collaboration, later sent a cut-up tape of the demo to Foster. Carey, Warren, and Foster also wrote "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)," one of the other ballads featured on Rainbow.[8]

Music and lyrics

"It was from the standpoint of girls who keep going back to the same guy and they can't help themselves. They know they're going to get hurt. I've been one of those girls, so I know there's a lot of them out there."

—Carey, describing the lyrics of "Heartbreaker"

As with Butterfly, songs for Rainbow were chosen to solidify Carey's reputation as a multi-genre artist.[6] Throughout the first phase of her career, Carey's albums predominantly consisted of pop and adult contemporary ballads. Rainbow mixed hip hop and R&B-flavored upbeat songs with softer and lyrically intense ballads resembling those that Carey had previously recorded.[6] "Heartbreaker", Carey's first collaboration with Jay-Z, used a sample from "Attack of the Name Game," recorded by Stacy Lattisaw, as its hook. The loop originated from "The Name Game" by Shirley Ellis;[6] Ellis and co-writer Lincoln Chase are credited as songwriters on the track. Carey incorporated the hook into the song's melody, and added instrumentation.[6] Lyrically, the song chronicles the heartbreak the protagonist feels after learning of her lover's infidelity. "Thank God I Found You" features vocals from Joe and 98 Degrees, as well as songwriting and production from Carey and Lewis.[7] According to Carey, the song reflects on events in her own life at the time, with the lyrics describing the completion the protagonist feels after "finding" their lover. Joe provides the main male vocal throughout each verse, and 98 Degrees sing the background vocals and the bridge.[7]

Prior to the album's recording, Mariah and her sister, Alison Carey had a falling out in their relationship.[9] Alison had contracted AIDS in 1988, when she was 27, and in 1994 she blamed Mariah for many of her problems and heartbreaks throughout the years. Her children were taken away while she received treatment for AIDS and for mental health issues.[9] Carey wrote a song titled "Petals," which she describes as the most honest lyrics she has ever written. The song tells of Carey's feelings for her sister, while illustrating the pain Allison's betrayal and suffering have caused.[9] In an interview with Bronson, Carey described the meaning of the lyrics of "Petals":

It is a great outlet for me to go into the studio and write a song like 'Petals', which is one of my most personal songs and remains one of my favorites. I think [it had the most] honest lyrics I've ever written. The song chronicles a lot of past emotions I've felt to certain people close to me, and the way I feel towards them and how their actions have impacted me personally. For that reason, I sang in my lower registers, trying to add that breathy effect to go hand in hand with the song's composition.[6]

"After Tonight" was a song Carey wrote with David Foster and Diane Warren. Carey had strong feelings about the song, as she wrote it about her relationship with Luis Miguel.[10] The song was compared instrumentally to "My All" from Butterfly, which features traces of Latin and guitar instrumentation.[10] In the lyrics, the protagonist asks her lover if he will still love her and come back to her "after tonight." Carey's cover of the Phil Collins song "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" was originally intended to be a solo ballad. The song was re-done after the album was released, with music by the Irish band Westlife replacing the song's instrumental bridge.[10] "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" was one of the album's most uplifting ballads, lyrically serving as an anthem for fans and listeners. The message, Carey said, was a personal theme of hers growing up, of not letting others "bring her down" and not allowing them to take away the light inside her.[10] "How Much" is a duet with Usher and features a sample from Tupac Shakur's "Me and My Girlfriend."

Conflict with Sony

As with Butterfly two years earlier, Rainbow became the center of conflict between Carey and her label.[11] After her divorce from Sony record official and Columbia CEO Tommy Mottola, Carey's working relationship with the label deteriorated. She intended for "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" to be the third single from Rainbow, as it held very personal lyrical content. However, Sony made it clear that they intended the third single should be a more upbeat and urban track.[11] The difference in opinion led to a very public feud, as Carey began posting messages on her webpage in early and mid-2000, telling fans inside information on the dispute, as well as instructing them to request "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" on radio stations.[11] One of the messages Carey left on her page read:

Basically, a lot of you know the political situation in my professional career is not positive. It's been really, really hard. I don't even know if this message is going to get to you because I don't know if they want you to hear this. I'm getting a lot of negative feedback from certain corporate people. But I am not willing to give up.[11]

Carey's actions were given mixed reception, with critics and executives commending her bold actions regarding a song she felt needed to be heard, while others criticized her for publicizing the dispute further.[11] Soon after, Sony stripped Carey's webpage of messages and began negotiations. Fearing to lose their label's highest seller and the best-selling artist of the decade, Sony chose to release the song.[11] Carey, initially content with the agreement, soon found out that the song had only been given a very limited and low-promotion release, which meant the song failed to chart on the official US chart, and made international charting extremely difficult and unlikely.[11]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[12]
The Baltimore Sun[13]
Christgau's Consumer Guide[14]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[15]
Entertainment WeeklyB+[16]
Los Angeles Times[17]
MTV Asia7/10[18]
Rolling Stone[19]
USA Today[20]

Rainbow received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, many of whom noted the new direction in Carey's music.[21] In Entertainment Weekly, Danyel Smith wrote that "what began on Butterfly as a departure ends up on Rainbow a progression – perhaps the first compelling proof of Carey's true colors as an artist."[16] Arion Berger from Rolling Stone viewed it as a genuine R&B and hip hop album, a "sterling chronicle of the state of accessible hip-hop balladeering at the close of 1999." Aside from calling some of the ballads "banal", Berger concluded his review that "Rainbow is at its best—and Carey at her most comfortable—when urbane hip-hop stylings and faux R&B coexist in smooth middle-of-the-road harmony."[19] Elysa Gardner from the Los Angeles Times wrote in her review: "Exhibiting an emotional authority to match her technical prowess, Carey gives us a vision of love that's dynamic without being ostentatious".[17] Steve Jones from USA Today deemed the record "colorful" and "some of her most compelling work."[20] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honorable mention, indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy". He cited "Heartbreaker" and "Crybaby" as highlights while writing that Carey was "not a 'real' r&b thrush, but good enough to fake it".[14]

Amy Linden from Vibe was less impressed by the album, particularly the songs on which Carey sings over hip hop samples or alongside guest rappers, deeming it a commonplace formula--"pairing a singing thrush with a rhyming thug".[22] Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said it was "the first Carey album where she's written personal lyrics, and allusions to her separation from Mottola." He called the lyrics "true" and "deep", but found the songs "ballad-heavy" and "repetitious", adding that the album followed the formula of Carey's previous records too precisely. In his opinion, "it would have been a more effective album if the heartbreak, sorrow, and joy that bubbles underneath the music were brought to the surface."[12]

Commercial performance

Carey performing the single "Thank God I Found You" during her Adventures of Mimi Tour in 2006.

Rainbow debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart with 323,000 units sold, the highest first-week sales of Carey's career at that time.[23] In its second week, the album stayed at number two, selling an additional 228,000 copies, barred from the top by Faith Hill's Breathe.[3] In its eighth week, Rainbow experienced its highest weekly sales—during the Christmas week of 1999—selling 369,000 copies, while placing at number nine.[3] It became Carey's first studio album since Merry Christmas (1994) to not reach the top position in the United States. In total, Rainbow stayed in the top twenty for ten weeks and on the chart for thirty-five, making one re-entry.[3] It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of three million copies throughout the United States.[24] According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album's sales in the US are estimated at 2,968,000 copies.[25][26] In Canada, Rainbow debuted at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, and was certified triple-platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).[27] Sales in Canada are estimated at 300,000 units.[28]

Rainbow debuted at number three on the Australian Albums Chart, staying within the chart for seven weeks. The album was platinumby the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 copies.[29] In France, the album experienced strong success, debuting atop the albums chart and remaining inside the top forty for thirty-four weeks. The album was certified triple-platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), with estimated sales of 900,000 copies.[30][31] In Germany, Rainbow peaked at number three, and received a platinum certification from the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), denoting shipments of 500,000 units.[32] in the United Kingdom Rainbow debuted at number eight and stayed within the top 100 for 20 weeks.[33] Rainbow was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments of 300,000 units.[34] Additionally, Rainbow received triple-platinum certification in Brazil, with 800,000 copies,[35] platinum in New Zealand,[36] triple-platinum in Spain,[37] platinum in Argentina,[38] gold in Belgium,[39] platinum in the Netherlands,[40] and gold in Switzerland.[41] The album has sold 15 million copies worldwide.[28]

Singles

Carey performing the lead single "Heartbreaker" live on her Charmbracelet World Tour in 2003.

Five singles were released from Rainbow; two were worldwide international releases and three were limited promotional releases. "Heartbreaker", the album's first worldwide release, became Carey's fourteenth chart topper in the United States.[42] Aside from staying atop the US chart for two weeks, the song reached the chart's summit in Canada and New Zealand.[43] Elsewhere, "Heartbreaker" achieved high charting, peaking within the top five in France and the United Kingdom, and within the top ten in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland.[44][45] The song received mixed reviews from critics. Arion berger from Rolling Stone called the song Carey's "most insinuating: nasal, silken, declarative, riding the percolating beat."[19] However, while dismissing some of the song's vocals and the incorporation of the hook, he complimented its marriage of pop and hip-hop through Jay-Z's verses.[19] The song's music video became one of the most expensive music videos of all time, costing an estimated $2.5 million.[6] The video features Carey visiting a movie theater with her friends, where she finds her lover with another woman. "Thank God I Found You" was released as the second worldwide single from the album. While becoming Carey's fifteenth chart topper in the US, the song achieved moderate chart success in Europe and other territories. Berger called it a "gospel soar" and complimented Carey's vocals, as well as the harmonies by 98 Degrees.[19] The music video features footage from a live concert with Carey and the band performing the song.

"Crybaby" and "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" were released simultaneously as a double A-side, with very limited promotion from Sony.[9] These two songs, especially the latter, became the center of a very public controversy between Carey and her label, due to their alleged low promotion of the album.[9] Carey and Snoop Dogg were featured in the music video for "Crybaby," with Carey playing an anxious woman who can't sleep at night due to her lover's infidelity. A music video for "Can't Take That Away" was released around the same time, which features Carey on a rooftop garden. Carey sings during a rain storm, and towards the video's conclusion, the sun arises, bring forth a "new day." The final single from Rainbow, "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)," was given a limited release as well. After performing moderately around the world, a new version of the song, featuring Westlife, was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom.[10] It became successful there, peaking at number one in both territories, and became Carey's second UK chart topper.[10] The song's video features Carey and Westlife on a boat in Capri. Scenes of the group exploring the island are cut with scenes of them in the studio, though Carey never re-recorded her vocals from the original version.[10]

Promotion

Main article: Rainbow World Tour

Prior to the album's release, Carey made an appearance on Pavarotti & Friends for Guatemala and Kosovo, performing "My All" and "Hero" alongside Luciano Pavarotti in a live duet.[46] The concert benefit was filmed live in Modena, Italy, during the summer of 1999 and was released for sale on September 21, with funds being donated to relief efforts for natural disasters in Guatemala and Kosovo.[46] Carey made several live television and award show appearances at this time, and recorded her own Fox Broadcasting Company special,[11] titled The Mariah Carey Homecoming Special. A mini-concert filmed at Carey's old high school in Huntington, New York, the special aired on Fox on December 21, 1999.[11] Carey performed "Heartbreaker" and its accompanying remix at the MTV European Music Awards, held on November 11, 1999, in Dublin, Ireland. Additionally, the song was performed on The Oprah Winfrey Show, the British music chart program Top of the Pops, and The Today Show, which included a performance of "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" and "Hero."[10] "Thank God I Found You was performed live at the 2000 American Music Awards as well as on several European programs, including Top of the Pops and Friday Night's All Wright in the United Kingdom, NRJ and Soulier d'Or in France, Wetten, dass..? in Germany, and Quelli che... il Calcio in Italy.[10] The album's final two releases, "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" and "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)," were performed on The View and at the 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.[11]

In order to promote Rainbow, Carey embarked of her fourth headlining and third worldwide tour. Titled the Rainbow World Tour, it included nineteen shows: six in Europe, four in Asia, eight in the United States, and one in Canada.[46] For Carey's previous two tours, she had only visited Europe and Asia, due to the mixed reception of her debut stateside tour in 1993.[46] However, after achieving record-breaking ticket sales throughout Asia and instant sellouts in Europe, Carey felt secure enough to once again tour her native country. The set list featured songs from most of Carey's previous studio albums, as well as some tracks from Rainbow.[46] Missy Elliott and Da Brat served as opening acts for the U.S. leg of the tour. Ticket sales were very strong; the entire U.S. leg sold out in a matter of days. The Asian and European leg mirrored the commercial success of her previous two tours.[46] Reviews for the tour varied from positive to mixed. Some critics and fans reproached her of having a "tired and hoarse voice," while others commented on Carey's choice of wardrobe. Several critics and many concert-goers praised the tour, calling it an intense celebration of Carey's career.[46]

Track listing

No. TitleWriter(s)Producer(s) Length
1. "Heartbreaker" (featuring Jay-Z)Mariah Carey, Shawn Carter, Shirley Elliston, Lincoln Chase, Michael Walden, Jeffrey CohenCarey, DJ Clue 4:46
2. "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"  Carey, Diane WarrenCarey, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis 4:33
3. "Bliss"  Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, James "Big Jim" WrightCarey, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis 5:44
4. "How Much" (featuring Usher)Carey, Bryan-Michael Cox, Jermaine Dupri, Tyrone Wrice, Ricky RouseCarey, Cox Dupri 3:31
5. "After Tonight"  Carey, Warren, David FosterCarey, Foster 4:16
6. "X-Girlfriend"  Carey, Kandi Burruss, Kevin BriggsCarey, Burruss 3:58
7. "Heartbreaker" (Remix, featuring Da Brat and Missy Elliott)Carey, Shawntae Harris, Melissa Elliott, Ricardo Emanuel Brown, Warren Griffin III, Andre Young, Nathaniel HaleCarey, Snoop Dogg, Missy Elliott 4:32
8. "Vulnerability (Interlude)"  CareyCarey 1:12
9. "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"  Phil CollinsCarey, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis 3:25
10. "Crybaby" (featuring Snoop Dogg)Carey, Howie Hersh, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Trey Lorenz, Timothy Gatlin, Gene Griffin, Aaron Hall III, Teddy RileyCarey, Scram Jones 5:20
11. "Did I Do That?" (featuring Mystikal and Master P)Carey, Craig Bazile, Joseph Johnson, Tracey Waples, Joseph Smokey Robinson, Wardell Joseph QuezergueCarey, Waples 4:16
12. "Petals"  CareyCarey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, Big Jim 4:23
13. "Rainbow (Interlude)"  Carey, Harris, LewisCarey, Lewis 1:32
14. "Thank God I Found You" (featuring Joe and 98 Degrees)Carey, Harris, LewisCarey, Lewis 4:17

Personnel

Personnel[48]
Production[48]
  • Mariah Carey – arranger, producer
  • David Foster – arranger, producer
  • Diane Warren – arranger
  • Jermaine Dupri – arranger, producer
  • Narada Michael Walden – producer
  • Terry Lewis – arranger, producer
  • James Harris – producer
  • Bryan-Michael Cox – producer
  • Melissa Elliott – producer
  • Calvin Broadus – producer
  • Shawn Carter – producer
  • DJ Clue – arranger, producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (1999) Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[49] 4
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[50] 4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[51] 14
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[52] 5
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[53] 2
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[54] 4
European Albums (Top 100)[55] 1
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[56] 32
French Albums (SNEP)[57] 1
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[58] 3
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[59] 34
Italian Albums (FIMI)[60] 10
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[61] 2
Malaysian Albums (RIM)[62] 3
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[63] 11
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[64] 11
Scottish Albums (OCC)[65] 55
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[55] 7
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[66] 15
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[67] 2
UK Albums (OCC)[68] 8
UK R&B Albums (OCC)[69] 2
US Billboard 200[70] 2
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[71] 2

Year-end charts

Chart (1999) Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[72] 71
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[73] 85
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[74] 48
Canadian Albums (RPM)[75] 58
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[76] 97
French Albums (SNEP)[77] 25
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[78] 90
Italian Albums (Hit Parade Italia)[79] 65
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[80] 62
UK Albums (OCC)[81] 86
US Billboard 200[82] 157
Chart (2000) Position
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[83] 89
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[84] 51
French Albums (SNEP)[85] 67
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[86] 98
US Billboard 200[87] 31
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[87] 48

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/Sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[88] Gold 30,000*
Australia (ARIA)[89] Gold 35,000^
Belgium (BEA)[90] Gold 25,000*
Brazil (ABPD)[91] Platinum 250,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[92] 2× Platinum 300,000[28]
France (SNEP)[93] Platinum 413,300[94]
Germany (BVMI)[95] Platinum 300,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[96] 4× Platinum 800,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)[97] Gold 50,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[98] Platinum 15,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[99] Platinum 100,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[100] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[101] Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[102] 3× Platinum 2,968,000[26]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)[103] Platinum 1,000,000*
Worldwide 7,000,000[28]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 94
  2. 1 2 3 Shapiro 2001, pp. 91–92
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Shapiro 2001, pp. 93
  4. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 121
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shapiro 2001, pp. 122
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bronson 2003, p. 888
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bronson 2003, p. 892
  8. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 123
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Shapiro 2001, pp. 126–127
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shapiro 2001, pp. 135–136
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shapiro 2001, pp. 133–134
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  21. ↑ Shapiro, Marc. Mariah Carey. ECW Press. p. 125. ISBN 1550224441. Rainbow raced up the album charts to number two amid a tidal wave of solid reviews that emphasized Mariah's new musical direction.
  22. ↑ Linden, Amy (1999-12-12). "Mariah Carey 'Rainbow'". Vibe. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  23. ↑ Mayfeild, Geoff (2005-04-30). "Carey Starts New Day; Charts Move Into New Home". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
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  91. ↑ "Brazilian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  92. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Music Canada. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
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  94. ↑ Les Meilleures Ventes de CD/Albums
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  98. ↑ "New Zealand album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  99. ↑ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  100. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Mariah Carey; 'Rainbow')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  101. ↑ "British album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Enter Rainbow in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Select Gold in the field By Award. Click Search
  102. ↑ "American album certifications – Mariah Carey – Rainbow". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
  103. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1999". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

Works cited

  • Bronson, Fred (2003), The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, New York: Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-7677-6 
  • Shapiro, Marc (2001), Mariah Carey: The Unauthorized Biography, Toronto: ECW Press, ISBN 978-1-55022-444-3 
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