Amaranthus retroflexus
| Amaranthus retroflexus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Core eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | Amaranthus |
| Species: | A. retroflexus |
| Binomial name | |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the Amaranthaceae family with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed.[3]
Description
Amaranthus retroflexus, true to one of its common names, forms a tumbleweed.[3] It is native to the tropical Americas, but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats. This is an erect, annual herb reaching a maximum height near 3 m (9.8 ft). The leaves are nearly 15 cm (5.9 in) long on large individuals, the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence is a large, dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. The fruit is a capsule less than 2 mm (0.079 in) long with a "lid" which opens to reveal a tiny black seed. Another of A. retroflexus's common names is pigweed because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed.
Culinary use
This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world. No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous,[4] but the leaves contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate-rich soils, so the water should be discarded after boiling.
A. retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups.[5] It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil.
It is used in the Indian state of Kerala to prepare a popular dish known as thoran by combining the finely cut leaves with grated coconut, chili peppers, garlic, turmeric and other ingredients.
The seeds are edible raw or toasted, and can be ground into flour and used for bread, hot cereal, or as a thickener.[6]
Use as fodder
Like many other species of Amaranthus, this plant may be harmful and even deadly when fed to cattle and pigs in large amounts over several days. Such forage may cause fatal nephrotoxicity,[7] presumably because of its high oxalate content. Other symptoms, such as bloat, might reflect its high nitrate content.[8] However, when supplied in moderation, it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder.[9]
References
- ↑ "Amaranthus retroflexus". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- ↑ The Plant List
- 1 2 Louis Hermann Pammel (1903). Some Weeds of Iowa. Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. page 470
- ↑ Plants for a future Archived January 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Ethnobotany
- ↑ Amaranthus retroflexus | Redroot Pigweed | Male Finger
- ↑ FEIS Ecology
- ↑ van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN 978-1-875093-30-4.
- ↑ Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
External links
Media related to Amaranthus retroflexus (category) at Wikimedia Commons
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- "Amaranthus reflexus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
- "Amaranthus reflexus". Flora of North America (FNA). Missouri Botanical Garden – via eFloras.org.
- Amaranthus reflexus in the CalPhotos Photo Database, University of California, Berkeley
- Amaranthus retroflexus L. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (traditional Chinese) (English)