Religion in Haiti

Religion in Haiti (2015)[1]

  Roman Catholic (80%)
  Protestant (10% Baptist, 4% Pentecostal, 1% Adventist, 1% other Christian) (16%)
  other religion (Islam, Bahá'í Faith, Judaism, Buddhism) (3%)
  no religion (atheism, agnosticism, etc) (1%)

Haiti, for much of its history and including present-day has been prevailingly a Christian country, primarily Roman Catholicism, although in some instances it is profoundly modified and influenced through syncretism. A common syncretic religion is Vodou, which combined the West African religions of the African slaves with Catholicism and some Native American strands; it shows similarities to Cuban Santería.

The largest Christian denomination in the country is Roman Catholicism, which is estimated to be about 80 percent of the population according to the 2015 CIA World Factbook. The historical background is very much due to the French influence brought about through the newly conquered territories.

Since 2001, other studies suggest that the Protestant population had grown to perhaps one-third of the population in 2001.

Christianity

Catholicism

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in Cap-Haïtien

The predominant denomination is Roman Catholicism.[2] Similar to the rest of Latin America, Haiti was colonized by Roman Catholic European powers such as the Spanish and the French. Following in this legacy, Catholicism was in the Haitian constitution as its official state religion until 1987.[2] Between 80 and 85% of Haitians are Catholics. Pope John Paul II visited Haiti in 1983. In a speech in the capital of Port-au-Prince, he criticized the government of Jean-Claude Duvalier. It is believed that the impact of this speech on the Catholic bureaucracy in Haiti contributed to his removal in 1986.

According to the Catholic Church in Haiti, the 10 dioceses of the 2 ecclesiastical provinces of Haiti include 251 parishes and about 1,500 Christian rural communities. The local clergy has 400 diocesan priests and 300 seminarians. There are also 1,300 religious missionary priests belonging to more than 70 religious order and fraternities. Vocations to the priesthood are plentiful.[3]

Protestantism

The 2015 CIA Factbook reports Protestants made up about 16% of the population (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%). Other sources put the Protestant population higher than this, suggesting that it might have formed form one-third of the population in 2001.[4]

The Episcopal Diocese of Haiti[5] is the Anglican Communion diocese consisting of the entire territory of Haiti. It is part of Province 2 of the Episcopal Church (United States). Its cathedral, Holy Trinity (French: Cathédrale Sainte Trinité) located in the corner of Avenue Mgr. Guilloux and Rue Pavée in downtown Port-au-Prince, has been destroyed six times, including in the 2010 Haiti earthquake. It is the largest diocese in the Episcopal Church (United States), with 83,698 members reported in 2008.[6]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Missionary work in Haiti by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began in May 1980[7] and the land was dedicated for the preaching of the gospel by Thomas S. Monson, then a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, on 17 April 1983.[8] As of 2016, the church reports having 44 congregations and more than 21,400 members in Haiti.[7] In September 2012, the third and fourth Haitian stakes were created.[9] All four stakes are based in the capital region; districts are based in Les Cayes, Saint-Marc, and Gonaïves.[10]

At the church's April 2009 General Conference, Fouchard Pierre-Nau, a native of Jérémie, was called as an area seventy in the church's Fourth Quorum of the Seventy,[11] the most prominent church position ever held by a Haitian. In April 2016, Pierre-Nau was released and Hubermann Bien-Aimé, a native of Gonaïves,[12] was called to that same quorum.[13]

During the April 2015 General Conference, Monson—now serving as the church's president—announced the church's intention to build a temple in Port-au-Prince.[14]

Vodou

Main article: Haitian Vodou

The New World Afro-diasporic religion of Vodou is also practiced. Vodou encompasses several different traditions, and consists of a mix encompassing African, European and indigenous Taíno religious elements. In this way, it is very similar to other Latin American syncretist movements, such as the Cuban Santería. It is more widespread in rural parts of the country, partly due to negative stigmas attached to its practice. During the season of Lent, Vodou societies create parading musical bands for a festival called Rara, and fulfill religious obligations in local spaces such as streams, rivers, trees.[15]

According to the CIA World factbook, about 50% of the population practices Vodou.[16] This figure is, however, contested. Note that this overlaps the practice of other religions, particularly Roman Catholicism. Haitian Protestants are less likely to practice Vodou, as their churches strongly denounce it as diabolical.[4]

Islam

Main article: Islam in Haiti

There is a small Muslim community in Haiti, mainly residing in Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien and its surrounding suburbs. The history of Islam on the island of Hispaniola (which Haiti shares with the Dominican Republic) begins with slavery in Haiti. Many Muslims were imported as slaves to Haiti.

In 2000, Nawoon Marcellus, a member of Fanmi Lavalas from Saint-Raphaël, became the first Muslim elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Haiti.

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith in Haiti begins with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, in 1916 as one of the island countries of the Caribbean being among the places Bahá'ís should take the religion to.[17] The first Bahá'í to visit Haiti was Leonora Armstrong in 1927.[18] After that others visited until Louis George Gregory visited in January 1937 and he mentions a small community of Bahá'ís operating in Haiti.[19] The first long term pioneers, Ruth and Ellsworth Blackwell, arrived in 1940.[20] Following their arrival the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Haiti was formed in 1942 in Port-au-Prince.[21] From 1951 the Haitian Bahá'ís participated in regional organizations of the religion[22] until 1961 when Haitian Bahá'ís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly[23] and soon took on goals reaching out into neighboring islands.[24] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 21,000 Bahá'ís in Haiti in 2005.[25]

Judaism

Sephardic Jews arrived in Saint-Domingue during the first days of the colonial period, despite that they were banned in the official Catholic edicts. They became merchants and integrated themselves into the French Catholic society. Waves of Jews continued to immigrate to the Haiti, including a group of Ashkenazi Jews escaping Hitler's Germany in the 1940s; Haiti was one of the few countries to welcome them openly. Haitian Catholics had idiosyncratic ideas about Jews, stemming from Catholic anti-Judaism, although many Vodou practitioners imagined themselves to be the descendants of Jews and to hold esoteric Judaic knowledge.[26]

There is a group of Judaism predominately residing in Port-au-Prince, where the community today meets at the home of businessman billionaire Gilbert Bigio, a Haitian of Syrian descent.[27] Bigio's father first settled in Haiti in 1925 and was active in the Jewish community. In November 1947, his father played a significant role in Haiti's support for the statehood of Israel in a vote to the United Nations.[28] Every Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, services are held at his residence. The last Jewish wedding to take place in Haiti occurred 10 years ago; Bigio’s daughter, while the last bris was done for his son, more than 30 years ago. Bigio owns the only Torah in all of the country, which he provides to the community for services.[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ CIA - The World Factbook -- Haiti
  2. 1 2 "Haiti". State.gov. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  3. ↑ Site Web Officiel de l'Eglise de Haïti - L'épiscopat
  4. 1 2 Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex, eds. (2013). "Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami". p. 5. ISBN 9780814777084. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Eglise Episcopale D'Haiti
  6. ↑ The Episcopal Church, Baptized Members by Province & Diocese: 1998-2008
  7. 1 2 "Haiti". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  8. ↑ "Prière de Dédicace". Retrieved 2015-02-19.
  9. ↑ "Fourth Haitian Stake Organized". Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  10. ↑ "Wards & Branches". Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  11. ↑ "Sustaining of Church Officers". April 2009 General Conference Report. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  12. ↑ "President Hubermann Bien-Aimé". Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  13. ↑ "Members Sustain 11 New General Authorities". Church News. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  14. ↑ "Monson announces 3 new Mormon temples". Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  15. ↑ McAlister, Elizabeth (2002). Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  16. ↑ The World Factbook
  17. ↑ Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá; Mirza Ahmad Sohrab; trans. and comments (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation.
  18. ↑ Universal House of Justice (1986). "In Memoriam". The Bahá'í World. Bahá'í World Centre. pp. 733–738. ISBN 0-85398-234-1. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  19. ↑ "Annual Report Inter-America Committee". Bahá'í News. No. 109. July 1937. pp. 3–5.
  20. ↑ "InterAmerica Teaching". Bahá'í News. No. 139. October 1940. p. 4.
  21. ↑ "Supplement to Annual Report of the National Spiritual Assembly 1941-42". Bahá'í News. No. 154. July 1942. pp. 11–12.
  22. ↑ "Central America, Mexico and the Antilles". Bahá'í News. No. 247. September 1951. pp. 9–10.
  23. ↑ National Spiritual Assemblies Statistics, retrieved 2008-11-27
  24. ↑ "Teaching Conference Held in Honduras". Bahá'í News. No. 411. June 1965. p. 1.
  25. ↑ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  26. ↑ McAlister, Elizabeth (2004). Goldschmidt, Henry; McAlister, Elizabeth, eds. The Jew in the Haitian Imagination. Race, Nation, and Religion in the Americas. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–84. ISBN 0195149181.
  27. ↑ "Does Gilbert Bigio make Israel look good?". Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  28. ↑ "Haiti richest Man, Billionaire Gilbert Bigio". Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  29. ↑ The Virtual Jewish World: Haiti
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