Richard St John Tyrwhitt

Richard St John Tyrwhitt (1827–1895) was an English cleric and academic, known as a writer on art.

Richard St John Tyrwhitt, 1857 photograph by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson

Life

The eldest son of Robert Philip Tyrwhitt (1798–1886), a police magistrate, and his wife Catherine Wigley, daughter of Henry St. John, he was born on 19 March 1827. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 15 May 1845, was a student from 1845 to 1859, tutor from 1852 to 1856, and rhetoric reader in 1856. He graduated B.A. in 1849 and M.A. in 1852. In 1851 he was ordained, and from 1858 to 1872 he held the vicarage of St Mary Magdalen's Church, Oxford.^[1]

Tyrwhitt was an admirer of John Ruskin, in whose favour he withdrew his candidature for the Slade Professorship of Fine Art in 1869;^[1] he was accounted a member of the Guild of St George in 1876.^[2] He was a member of the committee for the decoration of St Paul's Cathedral. He died at 62 Banbury Road, Oxford, on 6 November 1895.^[1]

Views

During the contested 1877 election for the Oxford Professorship of Poetry, Tyrwhitt attacked John Addington Symonds, a candidate, in a piece "The Greek Spirit in Modern Literature" in the Contemporary Review.^[3] The argument also took in Benjamin Jowett, suspected of unorthodox religious views; Symonds found it telling, and withdrew his candidacy shortly before the election.^[4] Tyrwhitt's piece has been characterised as homophobic, and caused the withdrawal of Walter Pater too.^[5][6] Also in the Contemporary Review, he argued in 1878 that belief in evolution was compatible with Christianity, and that John Tyndall was incorrect in thinking otherwise.^[7]

Friendship with John Henry Parker led Tyrwhitt into the debate over the Roman catacombs and their significance. Here he tried to keep to a middle, non-sectarian way of interpretation, following Henry Reeve, with emphasis on the evidence of growth of early Christianity.^[8]

Works

Tyrwhitt was the author of A Handbook of Pictorial Art (1866; 2nd edit. 1868): it was adopted by the Science and Art Department as a textbook.^[9] In addition to sermons, he published also:^[1]

• Concerning Clerical Powers and Duties, 1861.
• Fragments, 1867. Poems.^[10]
• Christian Art and Symbolism, with Hints on the Study of Landscape, 1872 (preface by Ruskin).
• The Art Teaching of the Primitive Church, 1874.
• Our Sketching Club: Letters and Studies in Landscape Art, with a Reproduction of the Lessons and Woodcuts in Ruskin's "Elements of Drawing", 1874. Unfavourably reviewed by William Bell Scott, it caused a controversy between Scott and Ruskin.^[11]
• Hugh Heron, Ch. Ch.: an Oxford Novel, 1880.
• Greek and Gothic: Progress and Decay in the three Arts of Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting, 1881.
• The Natural Theology of Natural Beauty, 1882.
• Christian Ideals and Hopes: an Argument from Moral Beauty, 1883.
• An Amateur Art Book: Lectures, 1886.
• Free Field Lyrics, chiefly descriptive, 1888.

To Francis Galton's Vacation Tourists, 1864, Tyrwhitt contributed an account of a visit to Sinai. He exhibited watercolours at the Royal Academy and Suffolk Street Gallery.^[1] He also painted murals, for example in the Oxford Museum.^[12]

Tyrwhitt wrote for periodicals, for example on art criticism in the Contemporary Review.^[13] He also contributed to the Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,^[14] and to the Dictionary of Christian Biography.^[15]

Family

Tyrwhitt married, first, on 28 June 1858, Eliza Ann, daughter of John Spencer Stanhope of Cannon Hall, Yorkshire. She died on 8 September 1859, leaving a son, Walter Spencer Stanhope, a lieutenant in the Warwick militia. By a second marriage, on 2 January 1861, to Caroline (died 1883), youngest daughter of John Yorke of Bewerley Hall, Yorkshire, he had six children.^[1]

Notes

1.  Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Tyrwhitt, Richard St. John". Dictionary of National Biography. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2. Mark Frost (1 August 2014). The Lost Companions and John Ruskin’s Guild of St George: A Revisionary History. Anthem Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-78308-283-4.
3. Richard Dellamora (1 January 1990). Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism. UNC Press Books. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8078-4267-6.
4. Linda Dowling (9 September 2014). Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford. Cornell University Press. pp. 91–2. ISBN 978-0-8014-6873-5.
5. Colleen Lamos (10 December 1998). Deviant Modernism: Sexual and Textual Errancy in T.S Eliot, James Joyce, and Marcel Proust. Cambridge University Press. p. 234 note 22. ISBN 978-1-139-42573-5.
6. P. Th. M. G. Liebregts; Wim Tigges (1996). Beauty and the Beast: Christina Rossetti, Walter Pater, R.L. Stevenson and Their Contemporaries. Rodopi. p. 118. ISBN 90-5183-902-2.
7. Cantor. Science Serialized: Representation of the Sciences in Nineteenth-century Periodicals. MIT Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-262-26218-7.
8. David Gange; Michael Ledger-Lomas (17 October 2013). Cities of God: The Bible and Archaeology in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-107-51191-0.
9. Stuart Macdonald (1 January 2004). The History and Philosophy of Art Education. James Clarke & Co. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-7188-9153-4.
10. Catherine Reilly (2000). Mid-Victorian Poetry, 1860-1879. A&C Black. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-7201-2318-0.
11. William Morris (14 July 2014). The Collected Letters of William Morris, Volume I: 1848-1880. Princeton University Press. p. 247 note 5. ISBN 978-1-4008-5618-3.
12. Cynthia Gamble (1 January 2008). John Ruskin, Henry James and the Shropshire Lads. Cynthia Gamble. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-872410-68-5.
13. E. M. Palmegiano (15 October 2013). Perceptions of the Press in Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals: A Bibliography. Anthem Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-84331-756-2.
14. William Smith; Samuel Cheetham (1 January 2005). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (in 9 Volumes). Concept Publishing Company. p. xii. ISBN 978-81-7268-111-1.
15. William Smith; Henry Wace (1882). "A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines". Internet Archive. p. x. Retrieved 2 October 2014.

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Tyrwhitt, Richard St. John". Dictionary of National Biography. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.