Robert White (tenor)

Robert White (born October 27, 1936[1]) is an American tenor and voice teacher who has had an active performance career for eight decades. If he is not better known to the general public, it is because his career, confined to art song and the concert stage, has not brought him the wider renown of singers who make their careers in opera; but he has long been cherished by connoisseurs of vocal music for the pure lyric sweetness of his voice and his scrupulous musicianship.

He began performing Irish songs on the radio in 1942 at the age of six on programs like Coast to Coast on a Bus and The Fred Allen Show; earning the nickname the "little John McCormack". In the late 1950s he embarked on a career as a concert tenor, and achieved great success as an exponent of early music by such composers as Handel, Bach, and Monteverdi during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. He has performed in concerts with several major orchestras, including the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein and the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy, and has performed at the White House for Presidents John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter.

In the mid 1970s White returned to his roots as a performer of Irish songs, and achieved fame internationally as an 'Irish tenor,' drawing comparison to John McCormack; he even performed on programs for BBC television in honor of the late tenor. He continues to perform in concerts with a diverse repertoire ranging from Irish ballads to opera to contemporary art songs and works from the classical tenor canon. Several composers have written works specifically for him, including Mark Adamo, William Bolcom, John Corigliano, Lukas Foss, Stephen Hough, Libby Larsen, Lowell Liebermann, Gian Carlo Menotti, Tobias Picker, Ned Rorem, and David Del Tredici. He has made several recordings for RCA Victor Records, mainly of Irish songs and ballads, and has also recorded a diverse repertoire for Virgin Classics, EMI, and Hyperion. A former faculty member of Hunter College and the Manhattan School of Music, he currently teaches on the voice faculty of the Juilliard School. He also works periodically as an interviewer for the radio station WQXR-FM.

Early life and education

Born in the Bronx, White was the fifth of six children born to tenor, composer, and radio actor Joseph White and lyricist Maureen O'Byrne White.[2][3] His mother was originally from Galway, Ireland, and his father was the grandson of an Irish immigrant from Kerry.[3] His father achieved fame portraying the title role on the NBC Radio program The Silver-Masked Tenor; a program for which he also composed many of the songs. White's mother Maureen was his father's lyricist.[2]

White began performing on WJZ radio at the age of 6 under the name Bobby White, and recorded his first album, Ring of Gold, at the age of 7. He usually performed Irish folk songs and ballads on the radio, and was dubbed by Milton Cross as "our own little John McCormack."[4] Some of the radio programs he performed on were Coast to Coast on a Bus; Irene Wicker, the Singing Lady; and The Fred Allen Show.[4][5] On the latter show he became acquainted with The DeMarco Sisters, with whom he was notably trapped for four days during the North American blizzard of 1947.[6] He also had the opportunity to perform with such legendary entertainers as Humphrey Bogart, Bing Crosby, and Frank Sinatra on Allen's program.[1] By the age of 12 he was performing challenging tenor songs with full orchestras on NBC radio, such as 'Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life' from Victor Herbert's Naughty Marietta.[3]

White's initial training as a singer was established through lessons with his father.[4] His skills were also sharpened as a chorister at St. Jerome's Church in the Bronx.[1] He earned a Bachelor of Music in vocal performance from Hunter College.[7] He then pursued studies in Germany, Italy, and at the American Conservatory at Fontainebleau in France with Gerard Souzay and Nadia Boulanger.[1][8][9] He went on to earn a Master of Music in vocal performance from the Juilliard School in 1968 where he was a pupil of Beverley Peck Johnson.[1][4][10] While at Juilliard he created the role of Charles in the world premiere of Paul Hindemith's The Long Christmas Dinner for the Juilliard Opera Center in 1963.[11] He continued to study voice privately with Johnson throughout his professional career.[4]

Early career: 1959–1969

In 1959, at the age of 22, White replaced an ailing Russell Oberlin as Pilate in Georg Böhm's St John Passion (then falsely attributed to George Frideric Handel) for performances at Carnegie Hall with the New York Philharmonic under conductor Leonard Bernstein.[7] Later that year he was a featured soloist in Henry Purcell's The Fairy-Queen with the Masterwork Chorus of Morristown, New Jersey.[12] In 1960 he became a member of New York Pro Musica, first performing as a featured soloist with the group in a concert of works by Flemish composers Heinrich Isaac, Josquin des Prez, Jacob Obrecht, and Adrian Willaert at Town Hall in New York City.[13]

In the 1960s White performed as a member or guest artist with several early music chamber ensembles, including the Clarion Concerts Orchestra, the Renaissance Quartet and Trio Flauto Dolce.[14][15][16] In 1962 he sang Mathan in the United States premiere of Handel's Athalia at Saint Thomas Church in Manhattan in a concert conducted by Harold Aks and presented by the Interracial Music Council.[17] In 1963 he performed with soprano Helen Boatwright, actor Basil Rathbone, and The Consort Players under the direction of Sydney Beck for a concert in the East Room of the White House that was attended by President John F. Kennedy, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, and Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg among other dignitaries.[18] That same year he portrayed The Old Chess Player in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's television opera Labyrinth with the NBC Opera Theatre.[19] In April 1964 he sang in the New York City premiere of Jack Gottlieb's Tea Party at the Donnell Library Center for the New York Composers Forum.[20]

In December 1965 White was the tenor soloist in both Handel's Messiah and Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B minor with the New York Chamber Orchestra under conductor Hermann Scherchen for concerts at Philharmonic Hall in Lincoln Center.[21][22] In 1966 he was the tenor soloist in Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde with contralto Lili Chookasian, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and conductor Eugene Ormandy at Lincoln Center.[23] That same year he performed the world premiere of John Corigliano's The Cloisters at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1966.[24] In 1967 he was the tenor soloist in Handel's L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato with the Musica Aeterna Chorus & Orchestra and conductor Frederic Waldman at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[25] He also returned to Lincoln Center that year as the tenor soloist in Mozart's Requiem with the New York Chamber Orchestra and conductor Werner Torkanowsky for the Mostly Mozart Festival.[26]

In 1968 White portrayed Acis in Handel's Acis and Galatea with the New York Chamber Soloists and conductor/harpsichordist Albert Fuller at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[27] In 1969 he was the tenor soloist in the Clarion Music Society's (CMS) performance of Claudio Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine at Avery Fisher Hall.[28] That same year he portrayed Egeo in Simon Mayr's Medea in Corinto at Alice Tully Hall for the CMS with Marisa Galvany in the title role.[29]

1970s

In 1970 White performed on John Corigliano's album Caldara – A Moog Mass in which he was featured singing through an enema tube.[30][31] In 1972 he was the tenor soloist in the New York City Ballet's performance of Stravinsky's Pulcinella that used new choreography by George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins.[32] In 1974 he was the tenor soloist in Schubert's Mass No. 2 with soprano Heather Harper, the Musica Aeterna Chorus & Orchestra, and conductor Frederic Waldman at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[33] In 1975 he was the tenor soloist in a concert of works by Giovanni Battista Sammartini presented by the CMS at Alice Tully Hall with conductor Newell Jenkins.[34]

White returned to Avery Fisher Hall as the tenor soloist in Bach's Mass in B minor with The National Chorale and conductor Martin Josman in 1976.[35] In 1977 he performed a concert of Bach duets and arias with soprano Judith Bettina at the Washington Square Music Festival under conductor Henry Schuman.[36] That same year he was featured in a pair of concerts with flutist Eugenia Zukerman and the renaissance ensemble Calliope at the 92nd Street Y, and returned for a command performance at the White House for President Jimmy Carter and Prime Minister James Callaghan.[37][38]

In 1976 White looked back towards his Irish heritage with the release of an album of Irish ballads for RCA Victor Records entitled When You And I Were Young Maggie with pianist Samuel Sanders.[39] His interest in programming Irish music alongside more serious classical repertoire has continued in many concerts and recitals. In 1977 he performed Irish ballads on BBC program The James Galway Hour with the renowned flutist.[4] In a 1978 review in The New York Times historian Joseph Horowitz stated:

The Spirit of John McCormack was invoked more than a little at a wonderful recital by Robert White at the Metropolitan Museum. Mr. White, a singer whose work is well known and appreciated here, offered the sort of mixed bag of popular and concert repertoire that was a McCormack trademark.[40]

In 1979 White released the album Robert White Sings Beethoven with cellist Yo-Yo Ma, violinist Ani Kavafian, and Sanders on piano. The album features 16 settings of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English folksongs that Beethoven made at the request of George Thomson.[41] Later that year he appeared as Alcibiade in the United States premiere of Agostino Steffani's La liberta contenta presented by the CMS at Alice Tully Hall.[42] He also was the featured performer in a 1979 BBC Television broadcast celebrating the 95th birthday of McCormack. Incredibly popular, White was hired to perform in six more specials for the BBC.[4]

1980s

In 1980 White released a third album of Irish songs for RCA Victor, Danny Boy, and Other Irish Ballads; this time accompanied by a full orchestra.[43] That same year he appeared at the Spoleto Festival USA and returned to the Mostly Mozart Festival at Lincoln Center to perform Beethoven's folksong settings with the Borodin Trio.[4] In 1981 he appeared in recital with soprano Beverly Hoch and pianist Marc Neikrug at Carnegie Hall performing settings of writings by Goethe.[44] That same year he appeared in the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center's performance of Igor Stravinsky's Renard under Michael Tilson Thomas at Avery Fisher Hall.[45] In 1982 he was the tenor soloist in Bach's B minor Mass with the New York Choral Society under Robert De Cormier at Carnegie Hall.[46] In 1983 he performed on the Christmas episode of the BBC show The Good Old Days; televised 24 December 1983.

In 1985 White performed William Schuman's Time to the Old for a concert honoring the composer's 75th birthday at Lincoln Center.[47] That same year he performed three concerts in honor of tenor John McCormack with violinist Mark Peskanov at Alice Tully Hall.[48] He returned to Alice Tully Hall in 1987 to perform a recital of songs by Beethoven.[49] That same year he was the featured soloist in a concert of songs by Stephen Foster with the The New York Pops.[50]

In 1988 White released another album, Favorite Irish Songs of Princess Grace, for Virgin Classics.[51] That same year he performed a recital of works by Friml, Romberg, Herbert, Hindemith, Korngold, Milhaud and Grainger with Samuel Sanders at Town Hall in Manhattan; and sang Benjamin Britten's song cycle Les Illuminations with the New York City Symphony.[8][52] In 1989 he was the tenor soloist in Benjamin Britten's Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, with the Fairfield Chamber Orchestra and sang Beethoven's folk song settings at the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival.[53][54]

1990s to present day

In 1991 White performed Vaughan Williams's Blake Songs at Weill Recital Hall with oboist Blair Tindall.[55] In 1992 he performed songs by Benjamin Godard and Harold Craxton in a concert celebrating the 90th birthday of Alice Tully at Lincoln Center.[56] In 1993 The New York Times recounted an entertaining story in which a bug flew into White's mouth during an outdoor concert at Wave Hill in Riverdale, the Bronx, while he was singing a song by Stephen Foster. White was quoted as saying "Just as I was going for a big high note, I felt myself swallow this bug. It went straight down, past the gag reflex. But I did let out the best high note of my career."[57] That same year he performed a recital of songs that all used text by James Joyce at the Juilliard School.[58] In 1994 he was a feature soloist in a concert honoring philanthropist and opera singer Alice Tully, who was a close friend of White's, at Lincoln Center along with the New York Philharmonic, soprano Jessye Norman, conductor James Levine, and other music luminaries.[59]

In 1996 White performed in recital at the Festival dei Due Mondi, and was invited by Mayor Rudy Giuliani to perform two arias by Handel for a ceremony presenting Kitty Carlisle the Handel Medal by the City of New York.[60][61] In 1997 he gave a concert of Renaissance music at the Metropolitan Museum of Art which featured works by composers John Dowland, Roland de Lassus, William Corkine, and John Bartlet.[62] In 1998 he was a featured soloist in a concert honoring composer John Corigliano's 60th birthday at the 92nd Street Y, and performed a concert of works by Poulenc at the Music Festival of the Hamptons.[63][64] In 1999 he performed in a memorial concert for his long time accompanist Samuel Sanders with whom he had performed since his days as an undergraduate student at Hunter College, and performed a concert of folksongs for Bargemusic.[65][66]

In 2000 White performed a concert of Irish songs and ballads with the Westchester Chamber Orchestra, a performed a concert of works by Beethoven for Bargemusic.[67][68] In 2001 he gave a recital at the Metropolitan Museum of Art featuring the world premieres of 19 art songs, including works by Mark Adamo, Milton Babbitt, William Bolcom, John Corigliano, Lukas Foss, Stephen Hough, Libby Larsen, Lowell Liebermann, Gian Carlo Menotti, Ben Moore, John Musto, Tobias Picker, Ned Rorem, William Jay Smith, David Del Tredici, and Brian Zeger; all of which were composed specifically for him.[69][70] In 2002 he appeared in concert with pianist Wu Han and violist Paul Neubauer with Bargemusic.[71] In 2004 he sang 'Danny Boy' for the closing of La Caravelle restaurant at the request of the owner.[72] In 2006 he gave a recital at the Morgan Library & Museum entitled Music in the Time of J. P. Morgan.[73]

In 2010 White performed with flutist Linda Chesis for two concerts with Bargemusic.[74] In 2011 he performed a concert of Wartime songs with mezzo-soprano Joan Morris and pianist William Bolcom at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In his review The New York Times critic Zachary Woolfe wrote, "Mr. White's sweet tenor warmed up as the concert progressed, culminating in a series of intimate confessions that he delivered with expert, easy grace: perfectly wrought songs like It's Been a Long, Long Time, Long Ago and Far Away and I'll Be Seeing You. As Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree (With Anyone Else but Me) proved, Mr. White is also—good to know—a first-rate whistler."[75]

Other work as an educator and in media

White taught music history on the faculties of Hunter College and the Manhattan School of Music during the 1970s.[1][4] He joined the faculty of the Juilliard School in 1991 where he still currently teaches.[76] In the 2000s he has worked as an interviewer of classical musicians for the radio station WQXR-FM.[77] In 2001 he sat on a panel for an event honoring comedian Fred Allen at the Museum of Television and Radio.[78] In 2002 he taught a masterclass with Barbara Cook at the Lincoln Center Festival entitled "Fyodor Chaliapin and the Silent Screen", which explored the way folk song has influenced art song.[79]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Joseph Stevenson. "Robert White". AllMusic. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Mrs. Joseph White, Widow Of Silver-Masked Tenor". The New York Times. December 18, 1967. p. 47.
  3. 1 2 3 Leslie Kandel (April 19, 1998). "Music; A Tenor With a Talent for Friendship, Too". The New York Times.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Allan Kozinn (August 10, 1980). "The 'Irish Tenor' From the Bronx". The New York Times. pp. 118, 123.
  5. ↑ James Barron (August 5, 1998). "Public Lives". The New York Times.
  6. ↑ James Barron (December 28, 2010). "Remembering the 'Blizzardopolis' of '47". The New York Times.
  7. 1 2 Ross Parmenter (March 27, 1959). "Philharmonic Handel Festival: Bernstein Conducts at Carnegie Hall". The New York Times.
  8. 1 2 Bernard Holland (June 21, 1988). "Review/Music; 20th-Century Romantic Songs". The New York Times.
  9. ↑ Peter Dickinson (2010). Samuel Barber Remembered: A Centenary Tribute. University of Rochester Press.
  10. ↑ Anthony Tommasini (January 22, 2001). "Beverley Peck Johnson, 96, Voice Teacher". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Dan Dietz (2010). Off Broadway Musicals, 1910–2007: Casts, Credits, Songs, Critical Reception and Performance Data of More Than 1,800 Shows. McFarland & Company. p. 264.
  12. ↑ Eric Salzman (May 30, 1959). "Purcell's Music to 'Fairy Queen' Presented by Morristown Group". The New York Times. p. 9.
  13. ↑ Eric Salzman (December 8, 1960). "Music: Flemish Works". The New York Times. p. 44.
  14. ↑ Allen Hughes (November 20, 1968). "Clarion Concert Brings Novelties". The New York Times.
  15. ↑ "Concert at Biltmore Nov. 11 for WBAI". The New York Times. October 25, 1964.
  16. ↑ "4 Perform Music Of Renaissance: Lively Program at Hunter Marks Twelfth-night". The New York Times. January 7, 1966. p. 20.
  17. ↑ Ross Parmenter (January 14, 1963). "Handel Oratorio Given". The New York Times. p. 5.
  18. ↑ Associated Press (May 1, 1963). "Grand Duchess Has Elizabethan Evening: White House Dinner Given for Charlotte of Luxembourg". The New York Times. p. 3.
  19. ↑ Harold C. Schonberg (March 4, 1963). "Music: Menotti Opera; 'Labyrinth' on TV Is Not His Best The Cast". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ Howard Klein (April 20, 1964). "Cheers and Jeers Greet Opera By Gottlieb at Forum Concert". The New York Times.
  21. ↑ Raymond Ericson (December 21, 1965). "Music: Scherchen Conducts 'Messiah'". The New York Times. p. 49.
  22. ↑ Theodore Strongin (December 27, 1965). "Hermann Scherchen Conducts Rich Feast of a B Minor Mass". The New York Times. p. 34.
  23. ↑ "Who Make's Music And Where?". The New York Times. February 6, 1966.
  24. ↑ T.M.S. (February 11, 1966). "New Music Offered At The Guggenheim". The New York Times. p. 36.
  25. ↑ T.M.S. (January 9, 1967). "Waldman Leads Handel Oratorio". The New York Times. p. 33.
  26. ↑ Allen Hughes (August 26, 1967). "Mozart Festival Offers Requiem: Torkanowsky Is Conductor at Philharmonic Hall". The New York Times. p. 29.
  27. ↑ Peter G. Davis (December 23, 1968). "Chamber Soloists Do Handel Opera". The New York Times. p. 43.
  28. ↑ Allen Hughes (February 19, 1969). "Clarion Society Offers 1610 'Vespro'". The New York Times. p. 41.
  29. ↑ Harold C. Schonberg (December 3, 1969). "Music: Return of 'Medea in Corinto'". The New York Times. p. 61.
  30. ↑ Allan Kozinn (April 27, 1980). "The 'Unfashionably Romantic' Music of John Corigliano". The New York Times.
  31. ↑ "Caldara* – A Moog Mass". www.discogs.com. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  32. ↑ Clive Barnes (June 24, 1972). "Dance: Balanchine and Robbins Take to the Stage". The New York Times. p. 17.
  33. ↑ Allen Hughes (February 4, 1974). "Music: Sparkling Aeterna Bill Highlights Soprano". The New York Times. p. 34.
  34. ↑ John Rockwell (December 19, 1975). "Sammartini Music For Church Is Led By Newell Jenkins". The New York Times. p. 52.
  35. ↑ John Rockwell (February 29, 1976). "Music: National Chorale". The New York Times. p. 45.
  36. ↑ Allen Hughes (July 21, 1977). "Festive Washington Square Music Festival". The New York Times.
  37. ↑ Allen Hughes (October 27, 1977). "An Unconventional Musicthon". The New York Times. p. 65.
  38. ↑ Andrew J. Glass (March 11, 1979). "Culture in Carter's White House". The New York Times. pp. 142, 173.
  39. ↑ Peter G. Davis (July 4, 1976). "Recordings View: A Deluge of Musical Americana". The New York Times. pp. 93, 105.
  40. ↑ Joseph Horowitz (November 19, 1978). "A Mixed Bag of Songs Offered By Robert White at a Museum". The New York Times. p. 87.
  41. ↑ Peter G. Davis (October 14, 1979). "Chamber Ensembles Enjoy a Boom: Chamber Ensembles on Disks". The New York Times.
  42. ↑ Raymond Ericson (November 2, 1979). "Music: Baroque Opera". The New York Times.
  43. ↑ John Rockwell (April 4, 1980). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. p. 53.
  44. ↑ Edward Rothstein (June 7, 1981). "Critics Choice; Classical Music". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ Edward Rothstein (September 20, 1981). "Music: Tilson Thomas Leads Stravinsky Bill". The New York Times.
  46. ↑ Edward Rothstein (May 18, 1982). "Music Noted In Brief; Choral Society Presents Bach's B Minor Mass". The New York Times.
  47. ↑ Nan C. Robertson (October 2, 1985). "William Schuman Offers A Birthday Gift To Friends". The New York Times.
  48. ↑ Susan Heller Anderson (November 9, 1985). "New York Day By Day; Honor For Beloved Dubliner". The New York Times.
  49. ↑ Will Crutchfield (March 25, 1987). "MUSIC: SONGS BY BEETHOVEN". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ Tim Page (April 13, 1987). "Skitch Henderson Leads New York Pops". The New York Times.
  51. ↑ John Rockwell (November 20, 1988). "Recordings; Rock Label Bows on the Classical Scene". The New York Times.
  52. ↑ Will Crutchfield (October 13, 1988). "Review/Concert; Robert White's Lyric Tenor". The New York Times.
  53. ↑ Robert Sherman (February 5, 1989). "Music; Winograd to Return to the Hartford". The New York Times.
  54. ↑ John Rockwell (December 17, 1989). "Review/Music; Chamber Quintet's Particular Program". The New York Times.
  55. ↑ Allan Kozinn (February 27, 1991). "Reviews/Music; Oboist Alone And Aided". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ Edward Rothstein (September 16, 1992). "Review/Music; The Tully Behind The Hall Turns 90". The New York Times.
  57. ↑ James Barron (July 25, 1993). "The Great Outdoors; There Once Was a Tenor Who Swallowed a Bug". The New York Times.
  58. ↑ Alex Ross (October 23, 1993). "Classical Music in Review". The New York Times.
  59. ↑ Allan Kozinn (March 2, 1994). "Service Remembering Alice Tully The Way She Chose: With Music". The New York Times.
  60. ↑ "Europe '96: Festivals;A Listener's Choice". The New York Times. March 17, 1996.
  61. ↑ Nadine Brozan (April 5, 1996). "Chronicle". The New York Times.
  62. ↑ Anthony Tommasini (December 20, 1997). "Music Review; Renaissance Man, Though an Unlikely One". The New York Times.
  63. ↑ Leslie Kandell (July 5, 1998). "A Classical Series Tailored to the Hamptons". The New York Times.
  64. ↑ Allan Kozinn (December 8, 1998). "Music Review; Interesting Things Come in Twos". The New York Times.
  65. ↑ Allan Kozinn (July 12, 1999). "Samuel Sanders Is Dead at 62; Accompanied Noted Performers". The New York Times.
  66. ↑ "Classical Music And Dance Guide". The New York Times. April 2, 1999.
  67. ↑ "Classical Music And Dance Guide". The New York Times. May 26, 2000.
  68. ↑ Robert Sherman (October 1, 2000). "Pop and Classical, 'New' and 'Old' Music". The New York Times.
  69. ↑ Johanna Keller (November 11, 2001). "Music; Retaking the Measure of American Song". The New York Times.
  70. ↑ Anne Midgette (November 22, 2001). "Music Review; Of Flames Flickering And Flaring". The New York Times.
  71. ↑ "Classical Music And Dance Guide". The New York Times. January 25, 2002.
  72. ↑ "For the Faithful, a Final Quenelle". The New York Times. May 26, 2004.
  73. ↑ Daniel J. Wakin (June 23, 2006). "The Morgan Library and Museum Shows Off Its New Concert Space". The New York Times.
  74. ↑ "Classical Music/Opera Listings". The New York Times. March 18, 2010.
  75. ↑ Zachary Woolfe (June 12, 2011). "Wartime Songs Keep Luster From Long Ago and Far Away". The New York Times.
  76. ↑ "Juilliard Faculty Bio". April 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  77. ↑ Anthony Tommasini (October 31, 2006). "A Performer Who's Early in a Singer's Lifespan". The New York Times.
  78. ↑ James Barron (December 3, 2001). "Remembering Fred Allen: Radio Was Down His Alley". The New York Times.
  79. ↑ Joseph Horowitz (January 27, 2002). "MUSIC; Quiet, Please. This Is a Library After All". The New York Times.
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