Roger of Salisbury

Roger of Salisbury
Bishop of Salisbury
Tomb in Salisbury Cathedral, traditionally held to be Roger's
Appointed	29 September 1102
Term ended	11 December 1139
Predecessor	Osmund
Successor	Henry de Sully
Orders
Consecration	11 August 1107
Personal details
Died	11 December 1139 Salisbury
Denomination	Catholic
Chief Justiciar of England (de facto)
In office ? – 1139
Monarch	Henry I Stephen
Succeeded by	Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester
Lord Chancellor
In office 1101–1102
Monarch	Henry I

Roger of Salisbury (died 1139), also known as Roger le Poer, was a Norman medieval bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper of England.

Life

Roger was originally priest of a small chapel near Caen in Normandy. He was called "Roger, priest of the church of Avranches", in his notification of election to the bishopric.^[1] The future King Henry I, who happened to hear mass there one day, was impressed by the speed with which Roger read the service and enrolled him in his own service.

Roger, though uneducated, showed great talent for business. On coming to the throne, Henry almost immediately made him Chancellor in 1101. He held that office until late 1102.^[2] On 29 September 1102 Roger received the bishopric of Salisbury at Old Sarum Cathedral, but he was not consecrated until 11 August 1107^[3] owing to the dispute between Henry and Archbishop Anselm. He was consecrated at Canterbury.^[1] During the Investitures controversy, he skillfully managed to keep the favour of both the king and Anselm. Roger devoted himself to administrative business, and remodelled it completely. He created the exchequer system, which was managed by him and his family for more than a century, and he used his position to heap up power and riches. He became the first man in England after the King, and was in office, if not in title, justiciar. He was never called Justiciar during Henry's reign.^[4]

Roger ruled England while Henry was in Normandy, and succeeded in obtaining the see of Canterbury for his nominee, William de Corbeil. Duke Robert seems to have been put into his custody after Tinchebrai. Though Roger had sworn allegiance to Matilda, he disliked the Angevin connection, and went over to Stephen, carrying with him the royal treasure and administrative system upon Stephen's accession in 1135. Stephen placed great reliance on him, on his nephews, the bishops of Ely and Lincoln, and on his son Roger le Poer, who was treasurer.

The king declared that if Roger demanded half of the kingdom he should have it, but chafed against the overwhelming influence of the official clique whom Roger represented. Roger had built Devizes Castle,^[5] described by Henry of Huntingdon as "the most splendid castle in Europe".^[6] He and his nephews seem to have secured a number of castles outside their own dioceses, and the old bishop behaved as if he were an equal of the King. At a council held in June 1139, Stephen found a pretext for demanding a surrender of their castles, and on their refusal they were arrested. After a short struggle all Roger's great castles were sequestrated. But Henry of Winchester demanded the restoration of the bishop.

The king was considered to have committed an almost unpardonable crime in offering violence to members of the church, in defiance of the scriptural command, "Touch not mine anointed." Stephen took up a defiant attitude, and the question remained unsettled. This quarrel with the church, which immediately preceded the landing of the Empress, had a serious effect on Stephen's fortunes. The moment that the fortune of war turned against him, the clergy acknowledged Matilda. Bishop Roger, however, did not live to see the resolution of these troubles; he died on 11 December 1139.^[3] He was a great bureaucrat, and a builder whose taste was in advance of his age. But his contemporaries were probably justified in regarding him as the type of the bishop immersed in worldly affairs, ambitious, avaricious, unfettered by any high standard of personal morality.

Roger had a nephew Alexander (d. 1148), who became bishop of Lincoln in 1123. Other nephews included Adelelm, archdeacon of Dorset and later dean of the diocese of Lincoln, and Nigel of Ely, bishop of Ely. Roger's son Roger le Poer was Lord Chancellor for King Stephen.^[1]

Citations

1. British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007
2. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 83
3. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 270
4. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 70
5. Williams The English and the Norman Conquest p. 211
6. Judith A. Green (15 August 2002). The Aristocracy of Norman England. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-521-33509-6.

References

• "Roger" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed, Vol. XXIII. Encyclopædia Britannica Co. (New York), 1911. Hosted at Wikisource.
• British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
• Williams, Ann (2000). The English and the Norman Conquest. Ipswich: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-708-4.

Further reading

• Hollister, C. W. (1985). Mayr-Harting, Henry and R. I. Moore, ed. Henry I and the Invisible Transformation of Medieval England. Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 119–131. ISBN 0-907628-68-0.
• Mooers, Stephanie L. (1982). "Familial Clout and Financial Gain in Henry I's Later Reign". Albion. The North American Conference on British Studies. 14 (3/4): 268–291. doi:10.2307/4048517. JSTOR 4048517.