Roy Cohn

Roy Cohn

Roy Cohn in 1964
Born Roy Marcus Cohn
(1927-02-20)February 20, 1927
New York City
Died August 2, 1986(1986-08-02) (aged 59)
Bethesda, Maryland
Cause of death Complications from AIDS
Education Horace Mann School
Fieldston School
Columbia College (B.A., 1946)
Columbia Law School (LL.B., 1947) [1]
Occupation Lawyer
Known for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial (1951)
Joseph McCarthy's chief counsel (1953–1954)
Political party Republican
Parent(s) Dora Marcus
Albert C. Cohn

Roy Marcus Cohn (/koʊn/; February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986) was an American attorney who became famous during Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations into Communist activity in the United States during the Second Red Scare. Cohn gained special prominence during the Army–McCarthy hearings. He was also a member of the U.S. Department of Justice's prosecution team at the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

Early life

Born to an observant Jewish family in The Bronx, New York City, Cohn was the only child of Dora (née Marcus; 1892–1967) and Judge Albert C. Cohn (1885–1959), who was influential in Democratic Party politics.[2][3][4] His great-uncle was Joshua Lionel Cowen, the founder and longtime owner of the Lionel Corporation, a manufacturer of toy trains. He lived in his parents' home until his mother's death, after which he lived in New York, the District of Columbia, and Greenwich, Connecticut.

After attending Horace Mann School[5] and the Fieldston School,[6][7] and completing studies at Columbia College in 1946, Cohn graduated from Columbia Law School at the age of 20. He had to wait until his 21st birthday to be admitted to the bar, and used his family connections to obtain a position in the office of United States Attorney Irving Saypol in Manhattan the day he was admitted.[2]

Although he was registered as a Democrat, Cohn supported most of the Republican presidents of his time and Republicans in major offices across New York.[8]

Counterespionage

As an Assistant US Attorney in Saypol's Manhattan office, Cohn helped to secure convictions in a number of well-publicized trials of accused Soviet operatives. One of the first involved the prosecution of William Remington, a former Commerce Department employee who had been accused of espionage by KGB defector Elizabeth Bentley. Although an indictment for espionage could not be secured, Remington had denied his longtime membership in the Communist Party USA on two separate occasions and was convicted of perjury in two separate trials. Cohn also prosecuted 11 members of the American Communist Party Politburo for preaching the violent overthrow of the United States government, under the Smith Act.

Rosenberg trial

Cohn played a prominent role in the 1951 espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Cohn's direct examination of Ethel's brother, David Greenglass, produced testimony that was central to the Rosenbergs' conviction and subsequent execution. Greenglass testified that he had given the Rosenbergs classified documents from the Manhattan Project that had been stolen by Klaus Fuchs. Greenglass would later claim that he lied at the trial in order "to protect himself and his wife, Ruth, and that he was encouraged by the prosecution to do so."[9] Cohn always took great pride in the Rosenberg verdict and claimed to have played an even greater part than his public role. He said in his autobiography that his own influence had led to both Chief Prosecutor Saypol and Judge Irving Kaufman being appointed to the case. He further said that Kaufman imposed the death penalty, based on his personal recommendation. If the ex parte discussions between a prosecutor and a judge outside the courtroom actually took place, they were improper.[10]

In 2008, a co-conspirator in the case, Morton Sobell, who had served 18 years in prison, said that Julius had spied for the Soviets but that Ethel did not.[11]

Work with Joseph McCarthy

The Rosenberg trial brought the 24-year-old Cohn to the attention of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover, who recommended him to Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy hired Cohn as his chief counsel, choosing him over Robert Kennedy, reportedly in part to avoid accusations of an anti-Semitic motivation for the investigations. Cohn assisted McCarthy's work for the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, becoming known for his aggressive questioning of suspected Communists. Cohn preferred not to hold hearings in open forums, which went well with McCarthy's preference for holding "executive sessions" and "off-the-record" sessions away from the Capitol in order to minimize public scrutiny and to question witnesses with relative impunity. Cohn was given free rein in pursuit of many investigations, with McCarthy joining in only for the more publicized sessions.

Cohn would play a major role in assisting McCarthy's crusade against Communism.[12] During the Lavender Scare, Cohn and McCarthy attempted to enhance anti-Communist fervor in the country by claiming that Communists overseas had convinced several closeted homosexuals employed by the US federal government to pass on important government secrets in exchange for keeping the identity of their sexuality a secret.[12] Convinced that the employment of homosexuals was now a threat to national security, President Dwight Eisenhower signed an executive order on April 29, 1953 to ban homosexuals from obtaining jobs in the federal government.[12]

Senator Joseph McCarthy (left) chats with Cohn at the Army–McCarthy hearings

Cohn invited his friend G. David Schine, an anti-Communist propagandist, to join McCarthy's staff as a consultant. When Schine was drafted into the US Army in 1953, Cohn made repeated and extensive efforts to procure special treatment for Schine. He contacted military officials from the Secretary of the Army down to Schine's company commander and demanded for Schine to be given light duties, extra leave, and exemption from overseas assignment. At one point, Cohn is reported to have threatened to "wreck the Army" if his demands were not met.[13][14] That conflict, along with McCarthy's accusations of Communists in the defense department, led to the Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, in which among other developments the Army charged Cohn and McCarthy with using improper pressure on Schine's behalf, and McCarthy and Cohn countercharged that the Army was holding Schine "hostage" in an attempt to squelch McCarthy's investigations into Communists in the Army. During the hearings, a photograph of Schine was introduced, and Joseph N. Welch, the Army's attorney in the hearings, accused Cohn of doctoring the image to show Schine alone with Army Secretary Robert T. Stevens.[13]

Although the findings of the hearings blamed Cohn rather than McCarthy, they are widely considered an important element of McCarthy's disgrace. After the Army–McCarthy hearings, Cohn resigned from McCarthy's staff and went into private practice.

Legal career in New York

After leaving McCarthy, Cohn had a 30-year career as an attorney in New York City. His clients included Donald Trump, Mafia figures Tony Salerno, Carmine Galante, and John Gotti, Studio 54 owners Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, Texas financier and philanthropist Shearn Moody, Jr.,[15] and the New York Yankees baseball club. He was known for his active social life, charitable giving, and combative personality. In the early 1960s he became a member of the John Birch Society and a principal figure in the Western Goals Foundation. He maintained close ties in conservative political circles, serving as an informal advisor to Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan.[2]

Cohn was the grandnephew of Joshua Lionel Cowen, founder of the Lionel model train company. By 1959, Cowen and his son Lawrence had become involved in a family dispute over control of the company. In October 1959, Cohn and a group of investors stepped in and gained control of the company, having bought 200,000 of the firm's 700,000 shares, which were purchased by his syndicate from the Cowens and on the open market over a three-month period prior to the takeover.[16] Under Cohn's leadership, Lionel was plagued by declining sales, quality-control problems, and huge financial losses. In 1963, Cohn was forced to resign from the company after losing a proxy fight.[17]

Representation of Donald Trump

In 1971, businessman Donald Trump moved to Manhattan, where he became involved in large construction projects.[18] Trump came to public attention in 1973 when he was accused by the Justice Department of violations of the Fair Housing Act in the operation of 39 buildings.[19] The government alleged that Trump's corporation quoted different rental terms and conditions to blacks and made false "no vacancy" statements to blacks for apartments they managed in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.[20]

Representing Trump, Cohn filed a countersuit against the government for $100 million, asserting that the charges were irresponsible and baseless.[19][21] The countersuit was unsuccessful.[22] Trump settled the charges out of court in 1975 without admitting guilt, saying he was satisfied that the agreement did not "compel the Trump organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant."[23] The corporation was required to send a bi-weekly list of vacancies to the New York Urban League, a civil rights group, and give them priority for certain locations.[24] Several years later (in 1978) the Trump Organization was again in court for violating terms of the 1975 settlement; Cohn called the new charges "nothing more than a rehash of complaints by a couple of planted malcontents." Trump denied the charges. [19][22][25]

Later career

Cohn aided Roger Stone in Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign in 1979–80. Cohn helped Stone arrange for John B. Anderson to get the nomination of the Liberal Party of New York, a move that would help split the opposition to Reagan in the state. Stone said Cohn gave him a suitcase that Stone avoided opening and, as instructed by Cohn, dropped it off at the office of a lawyer influential in Liberal Party circles. Reagan carried the state with 46 percent of the vote. Speaking after the statute of limitations for bribery had expired, Stone later said, "I paid his law firm. Legal fees. I don't know what he did for the money, but whatever it was, the Liberal party reached its right conclusion out of a matter of principle."[26]

Federal investigations during the 1970s and 1980s charged Cohn three times with professional misconduct, including perjury and witness tampering.[2] He was accused in New York of financial improprieties related to city contracts and private investments. He was acquitted of all charges.[2] In 1986, a five-judge panel of the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court disbarred Cohn for unethical and unprofessional conduct, including misappropriation of clients' funds, lying on a bar application, and pressuring a client to amend his will. In this case in 1975, Cohn entered the hospital room of a dying and comatose Lewis Rosenstiel, the multi-millionaire founder of Schenley Industries, forced a pen to his hand and lifted it to the will in an attempt to make himself and Cathy Frank—Rosenstiel's granddaughter—beneficiaries. The resulting marks were determined in court to be indecipherable and in no way a valid signature.[27]

Homosexuality

When Cohn brought on G. David Schine as chief consultant to the McCarthy staff, speculation arose that Schine and Cohn had a sexual relationship, and when Cohn died of AIDS in 1986 the public speculation about Cohn's sexuality intensified.[28][29] Although some historians have concluded the Schine–Cohn friendship was platonic,[30][31][32] others state, based on testimony of friends, that Cohn, at least, was homosexual.[33][34] During the Army–McCarthy hearings, Cohn denied having any "special interest" in Schine or being bound to him "closer than to the ordinary friend."[30] Joseph Welch, the Army's attorney in the hearings, made an apparent reference to Cohn's homosexuality. After asking a witness if a photo entered as evidence "came from a pixie", he defined "pixie" (a camera model name at the time)[35] for McCarthy as "a close relative of a fairy." (Fairy is a derogatory term for a homosexual man.) The people at the hearing recognized the allusion and found it amusing; Cohn later called the remark "malicious", "wicked", and "indecent."[30]

In a 2008 article published in The New Yorker magazine Jeffrey Toobin quotes Roger Stone, "Roy was not gay. He was a man who liked having sex with men. Gays were weak, effeminate. He always seemed to have these young blond boys around. It just wasn't discussed. He was interested in power and access."[36] Stone worked with Cohn beginning with the Reagan campaign during the Republican Party presidential primaries, 1976.

Lavender scare

See also: Lavender scare

Cohn and McCarthy targeted many government officials and cultural figures not only for suspected Communist sympathies, but also for alleged homosexuality.[37] McCarthy and Cohn were responsible for the firing of scores of gay men from government employment and strong-armed many opponents into silence using rumors of their homosexuality.[38][39] Former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson has written: "The so-called 'Red Scare' has been the main focus of most historians of that period of time. A lesser-known element ... and one that harmed far more people was the witch-hunt McCarthy and others conducted against homosexuals."[40]

Death

In 1984, Cohn was diagnosed with AIDS and attempted to keep his condition secret while receiving experimental drug treatment.[41] He participated in clinical trials of AZT, a drug initially synthesized to treat cancer but later developed as the first anti-HIV agent for AIDS patients. He insisted to his dying day that his disease was liver cancer.[42] He died on August 2, 1986, in Bethesda, Maryland, of complications from AIDS, at the age of 59.[7] According to Republican political consultant Roger Stone, Cohn's "absolute goal was to die completely broke and owing millions to the IRS. He succeeded in that."[36] He was buried in Union Field Cemetery in Queens, New York.[2][13][43]

Portrayals in media

Al Pacino as Roy Cohn in Angels in America

A dramatic and controversial man, Cohn inspired many dramatic fictional portrayals after his death. Probably the most famous is his fictionalized role in Tony Kushner's Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, in which Cohn is portrayed as a closeted, power-hungry hypocrite who is haunted by the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg as he lies dying of AIDS, a disease the character insisted be called "liver cancer." In the initial Broadway production, the role was played by Ron Leibman; in the 2010 Off-Broadway revival by the Signature Theatre Company in Manhattan, the role was reprised by Frank Wood;[44] in the HBO miniseries version of Kushner's play, Cohn was played by Al Pacino.

Cohn is also a character in Kushner's one-act play, G. David Schine in Hell.

Cohn has also been portrayed by James Woods in the biopic Citizen Cohn (1992), by Joe Pantoliano in Robert Kennedy and His Times, and by George Wyner in Tail Gunner Joe. Cohn is portrayed by actor David Moreland in The X-Files episode "Travelers", in which an elderly former FBI agent speaks to Agent Fox Mulder about the early years of the McCarthy era and the beginning of the X-Files.

In the early 1990s, Cohn was one of two subjects of Ron Vawter's one man show Roy Cohn/Jack Smith; Cohn's part was written by Gary Indiana.[45]

Kurt Vonnegut's novel Jailbird (1979) features a character named Roy M. Cohn. Vonnegut wrote in the novel's prologue that he had received verbal permission from Cohn, to whom he had promised in a January 1979 phone call to "do him no harm and to present him as an appallingly effective attorney for either the prosecution or the defense of anyone."[46]

Cohn is mentioned in Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire."

The nasal voice of the unnamed but recurring character Blue-Haired Lawyer on The Simpsons, often retained by Mr. Burns or acting as the prosecutor, is based on that of Roy Cohn.[47] A mock Paul Harvey radio broadcast in The Simpsons episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet" reports "that little boy...that nobody liked...grew up to be... Roy Cohn. And now you know the rest of the story." In "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo", another episode of The Simpsons, money management guru Chuck Garabedian explains that he got his suit cheap "because Roy Cohn died in it."

Cohn appears as a character in Thomas Mallon's novel Fellow Travelers (2007).

Cohn is briefly mentioned in Michael Chabon's novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay as one of protagonist Stanley Konigsberg's classmates at the Horace Mann School. In the novel, titular character Joe Kavalier performed at Cohn's bar mitzvah as a magician named "The Amazing Cavalieri."

In the comic novel Nick & Jake (2012) by Tad Richards and Jonathan Richards, Cohn and his partner G. David Schine come to Paris in 1953, where Cohn tries to make a citizen's arrest of Nick Carraway, the narrator of The Great Gatsby.[48]

Cohn appears in Tom Carson's novel Gilligan's Wake, first in a tryst with a major character, then as an antagonist to the same.

The Names Project's AIDS-memorial quilt features one square that was anonymously added that read: "Roy Cohn: Bully, Coward, Victim."[49]

Cohn is mentioned in Ken Perenyi's memoir Caveat Emptor: The Secret Life of An American Art Forger (2012).[50]

The Funny or Die satire Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie (2016) parodies Cohn's business relationship with Donald Trump, with Paul Scheer portraying Cohn.[51]

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "Entry: Roy Cohn", NNDB
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Roy Cohn, Aide to McCarthy and Fiery Lawyer, Dies at 59.". The New York Times. August 3, 1986. Retrieved 2008-03-11. Roy M. Cohn, the flamboyant, controversial defense lawyer who was chief counsel to Joseph R. McCarthy's Senate investigations in the 1950's into Communist influence in American life, died yesterday at the age of 59.
  3. ↑ "Mrs. Albert C. Cohn Dies. Roy Cohn's Mother, 74.". New York Times. June 6, 1967. Retrieved 2008-04-04. Mrs. Dora Marcus Cohn, widow of Justice Albert C. Cohn of the State Supreme Court and mother of Roy M. Cohn, lawyer and industrialist, died last evening at her home, 1165 Park Avenue. She would have been 75 years old on Thursday.
  4. ↑ "Albert Cohn. A Former Justice. Practiced Law Here With Son Roy Since Retiring From Appellate Bench.". New York Times. January 9, 1959.
  5. ↑ Goodman, Walter."In Business for Profit; Imagine That?", The New York Times, October 16, 1994. Accessed April 4, 2008. "The family's main derelictions occupy three chapters. One has to do with Mr. Newhouse's friendship with Roy Cohn, which began at Horace Mann, a Bronx preparatory school for affluent lads."
  6. ↑ "In a Neutral Corner; Roy Marcus Cohn", The New York Times, April 22, 1960. Accessed April 4, 2008. "By the time he was 20, Cohn, an alumnus of the Fieldston School in ..."
  7. 1 2 "Roy Cohn, the flamboyant New York lawyer who catapulted to public prominence in the 1950s as the grand inquisitor of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's communist-hunting congressional panel, died yesterday at the age of 59.". Boston Globe. August 3, 1986. Irene Haske, a spokeswoman at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where Mr. Cohn died, said the primary cause of his death was cardio-pulmonary arrest, with "dementia" and "underlying HTLV III
  8. ↑ Krebs, Albin (3 August 1986). "Roy Cohn, Aide to McCarthy and Fiery Lawyer, Dies at 59". New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  9. ↑ "False testimony clinched Rosenberg spy trial". BBC News. December 6, 2001. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  10. ↑ The Rosenberg file, By Ronald Radosh, Joyce Milton. p. 278
  11. ↑ Roberts, Sam (September 12, 2008). "Figure in Rosenberg Case Admits to Soviet Spying". The New York Times.
  12. 1 2 3 "Lavender Scare". Out.com. April 26, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 Drogin, Bob (August 3, 1986). "Roy Cohn, Hero and Villain of McCarthy Era, Dies at 59.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Millions of Americans watched the real-life TV drama as McCarthy and Cohn tangled with top Army officials, trading bitter charges and accusations. Army counsel John G. Adams testified that Cohn had threatened to "wreck the Army." Army special counsel Joseph N. Welch also accused Cohn of doctoring a photo that was introduced as evidence.
  14. ↑ "The Self-Inflated Target". TIME. March 22, 1954. Retrieved 2008-03-11. While they talked, newsservice teletypes were clacking out, for the morning papers, the Army's sensational charge: Roy Cohn had threatened to "wreck the Army" in an attempt to get special treatment for one Private G. David Schine.
  15. ↑ Serwer, Andrew E. (1995-08-21). "Who's Crazy: The IRS or Mr. Moody?". Fortune (magazine). Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  16. ↑ "Group Acquires Lionel Control. Roy Cohn Heads Syndicate That Has Bought More Than 200,000 Shares.". New York Times. October 9, 1959. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
  17. ↑ Vartan, Vartanig G. (May 7, 1963). "Roy Cohen Loses Top Lionel Post. Board Elects Victor Muscat as Its New Chairman. Proxy Fight Sidetracked Earnings Record. Reviewed Shareowners Convene to Hear Reports on Company Operations During the Year.". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
  18. ↑ "Donald (John) Trump biography". biography.com. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 Resnick, Gideon (December 15, 2015). "DOJ: Trump's Early Businesses Blocked Blacks". The Daily Beast. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Donald Trump Was Once Sued By Justice Department For Not Renting To Blacks". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  21. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (July 30, 2015). "1973 Meet Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  22. 1 2 Elliott, Justin (April 28, 2011). "Donald Trump's racial discrimination problem". Salon.com. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  23. ↑ David W. Dunlap – "Meet Donald Trump", Times Insider, July 30, 2015.. Retrieved August 10, 2015
  24. ↑ Baram, Marcus (July 29, 2011). "Donald Trump Was Once Sued By Justice Department For Not Renting To Blacks". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Trump, who emphasized that the agreement was not an admission of guilt, later crowed that he was satisfied because it did not require them to 'accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant.'
  25. ↑ Tuccille, Jerome (1985). Trump: The Saga of America's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron. Beard Books. p. 138. ISBN 9781587982231. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  26. ↑ Labash, Matt (5 Nov 2007). "Roger Stone, Political Animal, 'Above all, attack, attack, attack—never defend.'". The Weekly Standard.
  27. ↑ "Cohn Ko'D". TIME. 1986-07-07. Retrieved 2008-03-15. One hospital attendant testified in a Florida court that Cohn "tried to take (Rosenstiel's) hand for him to sign" the codicil to his will. The lawyer eventually emerged with a document bearing what the New York judges described as "a number of 'squiggly' lines which in no way resemble any letters of the alphabet."
  28. ↑ The New York Times
  29. ↑ Life Magazine
  30. 1 2 3 Miller, Neil (2005). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. Advocate Books. pp. Ch. 18. ISBN 1-55583-870-7.
  31. ↑ Wolfe, Tom (April 3, 1988). "Dangerous Obsessions". The New York Times. But so far as Mr. Schine is concerned, there has never been the slightest evidence that he was anything but a good-looking kid who was having a helluva good time in a helluva good cause. In any event, the rumors were sizzling away ...
  32. ↑ Baxter, Randolph (November 13, 2006). "An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture". glbtq, Inc. Tall, rich, and suave, the Harvard-educated (and heterosexual) Schine contrasted starkly with the short, physically undistinguished, and caustic Cohn.
  33. ↑ Salon
  34. ↑ Nicholas von Hoffman, "The Snarling Death of Roy M. Cohn." Life Magazine, March 1988
  35. ↑ The Ralph D. Thomas Private Investigation Vintage Collection http://www.pimall.com/nais/pivintage/pixiecam.html. Retrieved 27 September 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. 1 2 Toobin, Jeffrey (2008-06-02). "The Dirty Trickster". The New Yorker. p. 58. Retrieved 2008-05-31. He was interested in power and access. He told me his absolute goal was to die completely broke and owing millions to the I.R.S. He succeeded in that.
  37. ↑ Johnson, David K. (2004). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. University of Chicago Press. pp. 15–19. ISBN 0-226-40481-1.
  38. ↑ Johnson, David K. (2004). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. University of Chicago Press. . ISBN 0-226-40190-1.
  39. ↑ Rodger McDaniel, Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt (WordsWorth, 2013), ISBN 978-0983027591
  40. ↑ Simpson, Alan K. "Prologue" to Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins, Rodger McDaniel, WordsWorth Press, 2013 - pg. x. ISBN 978-0983027591
  41. ↑ "Roy Cohn". American Heritage. May 1988.
  42. ↑ Paul ColichmanChief Executive Officer (2013-10-23). "Who is Roy Cohn?". PlanetOut. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  43. ↑ From Haunted Mansions To The Brooklyn Bridge, NYC24.com. Accessed October 30, 2008.
  44. ↑ "Past Shows". Signature Theatre. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  45. ↑ Holden, Stephen (1992-05-03). "Two Strangers Meet Through an Actor". New York Times.
  46. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt (1979). Jailbird. Dell Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 0-440-15473-1.
  47. ↑ Wertheim, Larry M. "The Law of The Simpsons", Bench & Bar of Minnesota (Official Publication of the Minnesota State Bar Association), Vol. 60, No. 2, February 2003. Accessed October 30, 2008. "Hutz is often opposed by an older, nasal, pasty-faced lawyer (modeled on Joe McCarthy's Roy Cohn) who is retained by Mr. Burns and other corporate clients and who also acts as a prosecutor."
  48. ↑ "Arcade Publishing". Arcadepub.com. 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  49. ↑ Lubow, Arthur. "Onward and Upward with the Arts: Tony Kushner's Paradise Lost". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  50. ↑ Perenyi, Ken (2012). Caveat Emptor: The Secret Life of an American Art Forger. New York, NY: Pegasus. ISBN 978-1605983608.
  51. ↑ "Funny Or Die Presents Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie". funnyordie.com. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2016-02-10.

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