STS-3xx
| Mission type | Crew rescue |
|---|---|
| Mission duration | 4 days |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | Space Shuttle |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 4 |
| Members | None assigned |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date |
Flight Day 45 Relative to original mission |
| Launch site | Kennedy LC-39 |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | Flight Day 49 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Inclination | 51.6 degrees |
| Docking with ISS | |
| Docking date | Flight Day 47 |
| Undocking date | Flight Day 48 |
| Time docked | < 1 day |
 | |
Space Shuttle missions designated STS-3xx (officially called Launch On Need (LON) missions) were rescue missions which would have been mounted to rescue the crew of a Space Shuttle if their vehicle was damaged and deemed unable to make a successful reentry. Such a mission would have been flown if Mission Control determined that the heat shielding tiles and reinforced carbon-carbon panels of a currently flying orbiter were damaged beyond the repair capabilities of the available on-orbit repair methods. These missions were also referred to as Launch on Demand (LOD) and Contingency Shuttle Crew Support. The program was initiated following loss of Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003. No mission of this type was launched during the Space Shuttle program.
Procedure
The orbiter and four of the crew which were due to fly the next planned mission would be retasked to the rescue mission. The planning and training processes for a rescue flight would allow NASA to launch the mission within a period of 40 days of its being called up. During that time the damaged (or disabled) shuttle's crew would have to take refuge on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is able to support both crews for around 80 days, with oxygen supply being the limiting factor.[1] Within NASA, this plan for maintaining the shuttle crew at the ISS is known as Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) operations.[2] Up to STS-121 all rescue missions were to be designated STS-300.
In the case of an abort to orbit, where the shuttle is unable to reach the ISS orbit and the thermal protection system inspections suggest the shuttle cannot return to Earth safely, the ISS may be capable of descent down to meet the shuttle. Such a procedure is known as a joint underspeed recovery.[3]
_and_Endeavour_(STS-400)_on_launch_pads.jpg)
| Flight | Rescue Flight[2][4][5][6] |
|---|---|
| STS-114 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
| STS-121 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
| STS-115 (Atlantis) | STS-301 (Discovery) |
| STS-116 (Discovery) | STS-317 (Atlantis) |
| STS-117 (Atlantis) | STS-318 (Endeavour) |
| STS-118 (Endeavour) | STS-322 (Discovery) |
| STS-120 (Discovery) | STS-320 (Atlantis) |
| STS-122 (Atlantis) | STS-323 (Discovery*)[7] |
| STS-123 (Endeavour) | STS-324 (Discovery) |
| STS-124 (Discovery) | STS-326 (Endeavour) |
| STS-125 (Atlantis) | STS-400 (Endeavour) |
| STS-134 (Endeavour) | STS-335 (Atlantis) |
- * – originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery due to contamination issues.[7]
To save weight, and to allow the combined crews of both shuttles to return to Earth safely, many shortcuts would have to be made, and the risks of launching another orbiter without resolving the failure which caused the previous orbiter to become disabled would have to be faced.
Flight hardware
A number of pieces of Launch on Need flight hardware were built in preparation for a rescue mission including:
- An extra three recumbent seats to be located in the aft middeck (ditch area)
- Two handholds located on the starboard wall of the ditch area
- Individual Cooling Units mounting provisions
- Seat 5 modification to properly secure in a recumbent position
- Mounting provisions for four additional Sky Genie egress devices (see picture on right)
Training with a Sky Genie egress device - Escape Pole mounting provisions for three additional lanyards[8]
Remote Control Orbiter
The Remote Control Orbiter (RCO), also known as the Autonomous Orbiter Rapid Prototype (AORP), was a term used by NASA to describe a shuttle that could perform entry and landing without a human crew on board via remote control. NASA developed the RCO in-flight maintenance (IFM) cable to extend existing auto-land capabilities of the shuttle to allow remaining tasks to be completed from the ground. The cable is approximately 28 feet (8.5 m) long, weighs over 5 lb (2.3 kg), and has 16 connectors.[9][10]
The purpose of the RCO IFM cable was to provide an electrical signal connection between the Ground Command Interface Logic (GCIL) and the flight deck panel switches. With this system, signals could be sent from the Mission Control Center to the unmanned shuttle to control the following systems:
- Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) start and run
- Air Data Probe (ADP) deployment
- Main Landing Gear (MLG) arming and deployment
- Drag chute arming and deployment
- Fuel cell reactant valve closure
The RCO IFM cable first flew aboard STS-121 and was transferred to the ISS for storage during the mission. The cable remained aboard the ISS until the end of the Shuttle program.
Prior to STS-121 the plan was for the damaged shuttle to be abandoned and allowed to burn up on reentry. The prime landing site for an RCO orbiter would be Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.[11] Edwards Air Force Base, a site already used to support shuttle landings, was the prime RCO landing site for the first missions carrying the equipment; however Vandenberg was later selected as the prime site as it is nearer the coast, and the shuttle can be ditched in the Pacific should a problem develop that would make landing dangerous. White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico is a likely alternate site.[12] A major consideration in determining the landing site would be the desire to perform a high-risk re-entry far away from populated areas. The flight resource book, and flight rules in force during STS-121 suggest that the damaged shuttle would reenter on a trajectory such that if it should break up, it would do so with debris landing in the South Pacific Ocean.[2]
The Soviet Buran shuttle was also remotely controlled during its entire maiden flight without a crew aboard. Landing was carried out by an onboard, automatic system.[13]
As of March 2011 the Boeing X-37 extended duration robotic spaceplane has demonstrated autonomous orbital flight, reentry and landing.[14][15] The X-37 was originally intended for launch from the Shuttle payload bay, but following the Columbia accident, it was launched in a shrouded configuration on an Atlas V.
Pre-ISS era
The STS-3xx missions were developed in the aftermath of the loss of Columbia. However, NASA spent some effort researching rescue options even before the disaster. Before the ISS was launched, or in the event of the shuttle being unable to reach the station, shuttle crews would have had to transfer directly between shuttles. The orbiters would have been unable to dock, so while they used their RMS arms to grapple each other, the crew would have made an EVA between the shuttles. This would have been carried out using the two EVA-designated mission specialists wearing the Shuttle/ISS Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits, while the remaining crew would have been sealed up in pressurized Personal Rescue Enclosure and carried over either by hand, or using a pulley system (akin to that of a clothesline pulley) like that employed in the Apollo program for lifting samples from the Moon's surface into the Lunar Module.
Sample timeline
Had a LON mission been required, a timeline would have been developed similar to the following:
- FD-10 A decision on the requirement for Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS) is expected by flight day 10 of a nominal mission.
- FD-10 Shortly after the need for CSCS operations a group C powerdown of the shuttle will take place.
- FD-11->21 During flight days 11 ~ 21 of the mission the shuttle will remain docked to the international space station (ISS) with the hatch open. Various items will be transferred between the shuttle and ISS.
- FD-21 Hatch closure will be conducted from the ISS side. The shuttle crew remains on the ISS, leaving the shuttle unmanned
- FD-21 Deorbit Burn – Burn occurs four hours after separation. Orbiter lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base under remote control from Houston. (Prior to STS-121, the payload bay doors would have been left open to promote vehicle breakup.)
- FD-45 Launch of rescue flight. 35 days from call-up to Launch for the rescue flight is a best-estimate of the minimum time it will take before a rescue flight is launched.[16]
- FD-45->47 The rescue flight catches up with the ISS, conducting heat shield inspections en route.
- FD-47 The rescue flight docks with the station, on day three of its mission.
- FD-48 Shuttle crew enters the rescue orbiter. Vehicle with a crew complement of 11 undocks from ISS.
- FD-49 Rescue orbiter re-enters atmosphere over Indian or Pacific Ocean for landing at either Kennedy Space Center or Edwards Air Force Base. A Russian Progress resupply spacecraft is launched at later date to resupply ISS crew. ISS precautionary de-crew preparations begin.
- FD-58 De-crew ISS due to ECLSS O2 exhaustion in event Progress unable to perform resupply function.
STS-125 rescue plan
STS-125 was a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. Since the Hubble telescope orbits at a higher altitude and a lower orbital inclination compared to the International Space Station, there was no option for a shuttle crew to use the ISS as a safe haven; In response, NASA developed a plan to conduct a shuttle-to-shuttle rescue mission, similar to proposed rescue missions for pre-ISS flights.[17][18] This rescue mission, designated STS-400, could have been launched as early as seven days after the launch of STS-125, as the maximum time the STS-125 crew could have remained on the damaged shuttle (Atlantis) was 23 days. For this mission, the rescue shuttle (Endeavour) was rolled out to its launch pad after the STS-125 shuttle, creating a rare scenario of two shuttles being on the launch pads at the same time. When this occurred, it was 19th and final time in Shuttle Program history that two shuttle vehicles occupied both KSC launch pads at the same time. The mission had its own, unique flight plan that differed from previous rescue flight plans.
STS-335
STS-134 was the last scheduled flight of the Shuttle program. Because no more were planned after this, a special mission was developed as STS-335 to act as the LON mission for this flight. This would have paired Atlantis with ET-122, which has been refurbished following damage by Hurricane Katrina.[19] Since there would be no next mission, STS-335 would also carry a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module filled with supplies to replenish the station.[20]
The Senate authorized STS-135 as a regular flight on 5 August 2010,[21] followed by the House authorization on 29 September 2010,[22] and later by President Obama on 11 October 2010.[23] However funding for the mission remained dependent on a subsequent appropriation bill.
Nonetheless NASA converted STS-335, the final Launch On Need mission, into an operational mission (STS-135) on 20 January 2011.[24] On 13 February 2011, program managers told their workforce that STS-135 would fly “regardless” of the funding situation via a continuing resolution.[25] Finally the U.S. government budget approved in mid-April 2011 called for $5.5 billion for NASA's space operations division, including the space shuttle and space station programs. According to NASA, the budget running through 30 September 2011 ended all concerns about funding the STS-135 mission.[26]
With the successful completion of STS-134, STS-335 was rendered unnecessary and launch preparations for STS-135 continued as Atlantis neared LC-39A during her rollout as STS-134 landed at the nearby Shuttle Landing Facility.[27]
For the STS-135, no shuttle was available for a rescue mission. A different rescue plan was devised, involving the four crew members remaining aboard the International Space Station, and returning aboard Soyuz spacecraft one at a time over the next year. That contingency was not required.
References
- ↑ "Flight Readiness Review Briefing, Transcript of press briefing carried on NASA TV" (PDF). NASA. 17 June 2006.
- 1 2 3 "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (PDF). NASA. 12 July 2005.
- ↑ Engineering for Complex Systems Knowledge Engineering for Safety and Success Project
- ↑ "STS-121 Nasa Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. May 2006.
- ↑ "NASA Launch Schedule" (PDF). NASA Via Hipstersunite.com. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2007.
- ↑ Nasa Assurance Technology Center News Article Archived 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- 1 2 Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASAspaceflight.com.
- ↑ "STS-114 Flight Readiness Review Presentation" (PDF). NASA. 29 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2006.
- ↑ Kestenbaum, David (29 June 2006). "Emergency Rescue Plans in Place for Astronauts". NPR. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
- ↑ USA Master Template - Revised
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (7 August 2006). "NASA enhancing unmanned orbiter capability". NASASpaceflight.com.
- ↑ Malik, Tariq (29 June 2006). "Shuttle to Carry Tools for Repair and Remote-Control Landing". Space.com.
- ↑ Karimov, A.G. (1997). "Control of Onboard Complex of Equipment". In Lozino-Lozinsky, G.E.; Bratukhin., A.G. Aerospace Systems: Book of Technical Papers (ZIP MSWORD). Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow Aviation Institute. p. 206. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
The structure is built with allowance for three possible Orbiter’s control modes: automatic, manual and under commands from the ground-based control complex (GBCC).
- ↑ "X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle". Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (Public Affairs). Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ↑ "X-37 Demonstrator to Test Future Launch Technologies in Orbit and Reentry Environments". NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. May 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ↑ Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book. 12 July 2005 p.101
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (9 May 2006). "Hubble Servicing Mission moves up". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ↑ Copella, John (31 July 2006). "NASA Evaluates Rescue Options for Hubble Mission". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (26 April 2009). "Downstream processing and planning – preparing the fleet through to STS-135". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (13 October 2009). "NASA Evaluate STS-335/STS-133 Cross Country Farewell". NASASpaceflight.com.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 August 2010). "Senate approves bill adding extra space shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now Inc.
- ↑ Abrams, Jim (30 September 2010). "NASA bill passed by Congress would allow for one additional shuttle flight in 2011". ABC Action News.
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan (11 October 2010). "Obama signs Nasa up to new future". BBC News.
- ↑ Dean, James "Atlantis officially named final shuttle mission" (23 January 2010) Florida Today
- ↑ NASA managers insist STS-135 will fly – Payload options under assessment NASASpaceFlight.com
- ↑ Stephen Clark (21 April 2011). "Federal budget pays for summer shuttle flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ↑ Endeavour arrives home one final time to conclude STS-134 | NASASpaceFlight.com
External links
- "CSCS Flight Rules" (PDF). (34.2 KiB)