Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki

Sabit (Sawut) Damulla Abdulbaqi
Sabit Damolla Abdulbaki in his 20s-30s
Prime Minister of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
In office 12 November 1933 – 6 February 1934
Preceded by	Office instituted
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Personal details
Born	1883 Artush, Qing China
Died	1934 Urumqi, Republic of China
Political party	Committee for National Revolution/ East Turkistan Nationalist Party[1]
Religion	Islam

Sabit Damulla (Chinese: 沙比提大毛拉) (ثابت داملا عبد الباقي) (1934-1883^[2]) (سابىت داموللا عبدالباقى) was a Uyghur independence movement leader who led the Khotan rebellion against the Xinjiang Province government of Jin Shuren, and later the Uyghur leader Hoja-Niyaz. He is widely known as the only prime minister of the short-lived Turkish Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan from November 12, 1933 until the republic's defeat in May 1934.

Life

Sabit (Sawut) Damulla Abdulbaqi was born in 1883, in county of Atush in the Kashgar vilayet, where he received religious education. In 1920s he graduated from Xinjiang Academy of Politics and Laws in Urumqi (later becoming Xinjiang University), that was founded by Governor Yang Zengxin in 1924 and originally performed courses in Chinese, Uyghur, and Russian. After completing university, he visited the Middle East, touring Egypt, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia; he also visited the Soviet Union, where he continued his studies. In 1932 he returned to Xinjiang through India, where he joined Emir Muhammad Amin Bughra in preparing a rebellion in Khotan district. Sabit Damulla was convinced that the Islamic world was not interested in supporting Uyghur independence, and so he turned to the Great Powers instead. Yang Zengxin had closed the publihing venture in Artush owned by Sabit Damulla.^[3] Sabit was a Jadidist.^[4]

Achievements

Between November 12, 1933 and February 6, 1934 he was selected the prime minister of the short-lived Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET) in Kashgar. While Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki favoured the co-official "Republic of Uyghurstan" moniker, Muhammad Amin Bughra opposed it, considering that to create a broad anti-Chinese and anti-Tungan front in Xinjiang, all of the Turkic peoples should be called "Turks", not only Uyghurs. Sabit Damulla was also behind a creation of Independent Government in Khotan on March 16, 1933, which he proclaimed together with Emir Muhammad Amin Bughra. Later this Government expanded its authority to Kashgar and Aksu through the "Eastern Turkestan Independence Association" and contributed to the proclamation of a republic in the Old City of Kashgar on November 12, 1933. Khoja Niyaz Khaji, the leader of Kumul Rebellion in 1931, was invited by Sabit Damulla to Kashgar to assume presidency of the self- proclaimed republic.

Prime Minister Sabit Damolla (in circle)

Death

Contemporary sources say that Abdulbaki was captured by Khoja Niyaz in Aksu, then delivered to Governor Sheng Shicai. He was executed by hanging in June 1934 in Urumqi. Later sources allege that he was imprisoned by Sheng in Urumqi, where he traded his translation skills for better conditions in his cell. Fellow Chinese Muslims such as Kuomintang officer Liu Bin-Di provided him the Koran and other Arabic and Chinese Islamic texts to be translated into Uyghur. (The establishment of Islam in China in 650 stemmed from the delivery of a Quran by Caliph Usman to Tang Emperor Gaozong in 650 and headed by Envoy Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, one of Muhammad's first companions) Liu had been dispatched from Urumchi to pacify the Hi region, but he was too late.^[5] It's unknown if this job was finished, Liu Bin-Di himself was shot dead by rebels in Ghulja in November, 1944 during revolt, that led to establishment of Second East Turkestan Republic on November 12, 1944.

Legacy

The designated terrorist organization Turkistan Islamic Party's magazine "Islamic Turkistan" Arabic: (تركستان الإسلامية) Uyghur: (ئىسلامى تۈركىستان) Issue #12 included a photo of the founders of the First East Turkestan Republic including Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki which was titled "Men who marked history in their blood" (رجال سطروا التاريخ بدمائهم) (1933–1352) featuring the caption "Founders of an independent islamic state in the Hijri year 1352 in East Turkestan" (مؤسسوا دولة إسلامية مستقلة عام 1352هـ في تركستان الشرقية).^[6][7]

Al-Qaeda ideologue Mustafa Setmariam Nasar praised the formation of the 1933 "Republic of East Turkestan" by Damulla, leader of Islamists.^[8]

The Turkistan Islamic Party mentioned the First East Turkestan Republic and Sabit Damulla (ثابت داملا) in issue 19 of its magazine "Islamic Turkistan".^[9]

References

• Mark Dickens "The Soviets in Sinkiang (1911-1949)". USA, 1990
• Michael Zrazhevsky " Russian Cossacks in Sinkiang ". Almanach " Third Rome ", Russia, Moscow, 2001

Footnotes

1. Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 84. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
2. Ondřej Klimeš (8 January 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949. BRILL. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6.
3. James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
4. Tursun, Nabijan (December 2014). "The influence of intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century on Uyghur politics". Uyghur Initiative Papers. Central Asia Program (11): 2.
5. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4-5. King Abdulaziz University. p. 299. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
6. Zelin, Aaron Y. "Ṣawt al-Islām presents Issue #12 of Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī's [Turkistan Islamic Party] magazine: "Turkistān al-Islāmīyyah" | JIHADOLOGY: A clearinghouse for jihādī primary source material, original analysis, and translation service". Jihadology.net. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
7. "تركستان الإسلامية ، العدد الثاني عشر ، صفر 1434 صفحة 2" (PDF). azelin.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
8. Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (aliases Abu Musab al-Suri and Umar Abd al-Hakim) (1999). "Muslims in Central Asia and The Coming Battle of Islam".
9. الشيخ علي العرجاني أبو حسن الكويتي (رجب - 1437 هـ). "تركستان الشرقية تاريخ زاهر وجرح ينزف" (PDF). تركستان الإسلامية. No. العدد 19. p. 47. Check date values in: |date= (help)