Saradha Group financial scandal

Saradha Group
Privately owned
Industry Financial services, infrastructure management, automobiles, manufacturing
Genre Deposit mobilising company
Fate Allegations that this consortium of companies is a Ponzi scheme
Founder Sudipto Sen
Defunct April 2013
Headquarters Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Key people
 Sudipto Sen, Chairman and MD
Debjani Mukherjee, , Director
Kunal Ghosh, Sudheera Gunawardane CEO, Media Div.
Number of employees
 16,000+
Divisions Saradha Realty
Saradha Exports
Global automobiles
Saradha media group
Website saradhagroup.biz

The Saradha Group financial scandal (Bengali: সারদা কেলেঙ্কারী) was a major financial scam and alleged political scandal caused by the collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over 200 private companies that was believed to be running collective investment schemes popularly but incorrectly referred to as chit funds.[1][2][3] in Eastern India.[4]

The group collected around ₹200 to 300 billion (US$4–6 billion[5][6]) from over 1.7 million depositors[7] before it collapsed in April 2013. In the aftermath of the scandal, the State Government of West Bengal where the Saradha Group and most of its investors were based instituted an inquiry commission to investigate the collapse.[8] The State government also set up a fund of ₹5 billion (US$74 million) to ensure that low-income investors were not bankrupted.[9]

The central government through the Income Tax Department and Enforcement Directorate launched a multi-agency probe to investigate the Saradha scam and similar Ponzi schemes.[10] In May 2014, the Supreme Court of India, citing inter-state ramifications, possible international money laundering, serious regulatory failures and alleged political nexus, transferred all investigations into the Saradha scam and other Ponzi schemes to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), India's federal investigative agency.[11][12] Many prominent personalities were arrested for their involvement in the scam including two Members of Parliament (MP) - Kunal Ghosh and Srinjoy Bose, former West Bengal Director General of Police Rajat Majumdar, a top football club official Debabrata Sarkar, Sports and Transport minister in the West Bengal Government – Madan Mitra.[13][14]

Background

India has a large, low-income, rural population with limited access to formal banking facilities.[15] A web of parallel, informal banking arose to fill the vacuum. At its centre were moneylenders, who used to charge exorbitant rates of interest. To curb this practice, several Moneylenders Acts were enacted by the State governments of India by the 1950s.[16] However failure to replace the role of moneylenders gave rise to unscrupulous financial operators that operated Ponzi schemes.[17] Some commentators place the blame for these kinds of Ponzi schemes on greed rather than exclusion from formal banking systems.[18][19][20]

The relatively prosperous rural economy of West Bengal had previously relied on small savings schemes run by the Indian Postal Service. However, low rates of interest in the 1980s and 1990s encouraged the rise of several Ponzi schemes in speculative ventures such as Sanchayita Investments, Overland Investment Company, Verona Credit and Commercial Investment Company. Together, these scams eliminated close to ₹10 billion (US$150 million) in investor wealth.[21][22] Despite a history of Ponzi schemes, the continuing decline in interest rates, rapid financialisation of household savings, lack of financial literacy and investor awareness, political patronage, absence of adequate legal deterrence, and regulatory arbitrage encouraged the growth of similar companies.[23] These companies either raised their funds through legitimate channels such as collective investment schemes, non-convertible debentures and preference shares, or illegitimately through hoax financial instruments such as teak bonds, potato bonds or fictitious ventures in agro-export, construction and manufacturing. As of 2013, 80% of multi-level marketing and finance schemes against which complaints have been received are based in West Bengal, giving the state the title of "Ponzi capital of India".[24] It is estimated that these Ponzi funds have amassed around ₹10 trillion (US$150 billion) from unsuspecting depositors in Eastern India.[25]

Modus operandi of Saradha

Key people

Sudipto Sen was the chairman and managing director of the Saradha Group.[26] Sen was described as a softly spoken, charming, and forceful orator. At the time of his arrest, he was in his mid-50s. In his youth, he was known as Shankaraditya Sen, and was part of the Naxalite movement in West Bengal. He changed his name to Sudipto Sen and may have had plastic surgery sometime in the 1990s,[27] after which he became associated with land development projects in South Kolkata. The land bank he formed in around 2000 became the catalyst for enticing early customers into his Ponzi scheme.[28]

Debjani Mukherjee was one of the executive directors of Saradha Group who could sign cheques on behalf of the group.[29][30] She was arrested together with Sudipto Sen.[31] At the time of her arrest Debjani was in her early 30s. She had studied at the St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School, and the Sivanath Sastri College.[29] She trained as an air hostess. Mukherjee originally joined Saradha Group in 2010 as a receptionist, and rose rapidly to be the group's executive director.[32] She was well known locally for her generosity to her community.[33]

Financial operations

Money collected by Saradha Group of companies per year in billion INR. 95% of the fund was collected in the last three years of the scam. Source: 2014 SIT Report

The companies that were comprised by Saradha Group were incorporated in 2006. Its name is a cacography of Sarada Devi, the wife and spiritual counterpart of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa—a nineteenth-century mystic of Bengal.[34] This duplicitous association gave Saradha Group a veneer of respectability.[35] Like all Ponzi schemes, Saradha Group promised astronomical returns in fanciful but credible investments.[36] Its funds were sold on commission by agents recruited from local rural communities. Between 25 and 40% of the deposit was returned to these agents as commissions and lucrative gifts to quickly build up a wide agent pyramid.[37] The group used a nexus of companies to launder money and evade regulators.[38]

Initially, the frontline companies collected money from the public by issuing secured debentures and redeemable preferential bonds.[39] Under Indian Securities regulations and section 67 of the Indian Companies Act (1956), a company cannot raise capital from more than 50 people without issuing a proper prospectus and balance sheet. Its accounts must be audited and it must also have explicit permission to operate from the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).[40]

SEBI first confronted Saradha Group in 2009. Saradha Group adapted by opening up to 200 new companies to create more cross-holdings. This created an extremely complex tiered corporate structure to confound SEBI by hampering their ability to consolidate blame.[41] SEBI persisted in its investigation through 2010.[42] Saradha Group reacted by changing its methods of raising capital. In West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam and Chhattisgarh, it began operating variations of collective investment schemes (CIS) involving tourism packages, forward travel and hotel booking timeshare credit transfer, real estate, infrastructure finance, and motorcycle manufacturing.[43][44] Investors were rarely informed about the true nature of their investments. Instead, many were told they would get high returns after a fixed period.[45] With other investors, the investment was fraudulently sold in the form of a chit fund. Under the Chit Fund Act (1982), chit funds are regulated by state governments rather than SEBI.[46]

SEBI warned the state government of West Bengal about Saradha Group's chit fund activities in 2011,[47] again prompting Saradha Group to change its methods. This time, it acquired and sold large numbers of shares of various listed companies then embezzled the proceeds of the sale through accounts which as of September 2014 have not been identified.[48] Meanwhile, Saradha Group started laundering a large portion of its funds to Dubai,[49] South Africa[50] and Singapore.[51] By 2012, SEBI was able to classify the group's activities as collective investment schemes rather than chit funds—and demanded that it immediately stop operating its investment schemes until it received permission to operate from SEBI.[47] Saradha Group did not comply with this ruling and continued to operate until its collapse in April 2013.[52]

Building brand and non-financial businesses

Like previous Ponzi schemes such as Anubhav teak plantations, Saradha Group invested heavily in the building of its brand.[53] With enormous funds at its disposal, Saradha invested in high visibility sectors, such as the Bengali film industry,[54] where it recruited actress and Trinamool Congress (TMC) Member of Parliament (MP) Satabdi Roy as its brand ambassador.[55] Bollywood actor and TMC MP Mithun Chakraborty was brought in as the brand ambassador of Saradha Group's media platform.[56][57]

Saradha Group also enlisted Kunal Ghosh, another TMC MP, as the CEO of the media group.[55] Under Kunal Ghosh, the group acquired and established local television channels and newspapers, investing around ₹9.88 billion (US$150 million) in the media group.[58] By 2013, it employed over 1,500 journalists and owned eight newspapers printed in five languages: Seven Sisters Post and Bengal Post (English dailies), Sakalbela and Kalom (Bengali dailies), Prabhat Varta (Hindi daily),[59] Ajir Dainik Baturi (Assamese daily),[60] Azad Hind[61] (Urdu daily) and Parama (Bengali weekly magazine). It also owned Bengali news channels Tara Newz and Channel 10, Bengali general entertainment channels Tara Muzic and Tara Bangla,[62] Punjabi general entertainment channel Tara Punjabi,[63] an international channel aimed at the Indian diaspora, TV South East Asia[64] and one FM radio station.[65] Author Aparna Sen was made the editor of Parama.[66][67]

In 2011, Saradha Group bought Global Automobiles, a heavily indebted motorcycle company as a front for the latest version of its Ponzi scheme. Global Automobiles immediately stopped most production but kept 150 workers on its payroll who "pretended to work whenever truckloads and busloads of prospective depositors of Saradha Realty visited the plant for a first-hand check before investing".[68] It also bought similar shell companies like West Bengal Awadhoot Agro Private Ltd, located in North 24-Parganas, and Landmark Cement in Bankura to showcase them to agents and depositors and convince them that the Saradha Group had diversified interests.[69]

As part of its corporate social responsibility program, Saradha Group donated motorcycles to the Kolkata Police. On 19 July 2011, it persuaded Mamata Banerjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, to use its ambulances and motorcycles for the Jangalmahal area of West Midnapore.[70] To further etch itself in the socio-cultural milieu of Bengal, Saradha Group invested in football rivals and the best-known football clubs in Bengal: Mohun Bagan A.C. (₹ 18 million in 2010–11) and East Bengal F.C. (₹ 35 million since 2010).[71][72] The group also sponsored various Durga Puja celebrations organised by local political leaders.[73][74]

Political patronage

Allegedly several political leaders received financial support from Saradha Group, including MPs of TMC, the incumbent ruling party of West Bengal.[36] MP Kunal Ghosh drew a salary of ₹1.6 million (US$24,000) per month from Saradha Group, as an employee of the group. MP Srinjoy Bose was directly involved with the group's media operations.[75] Transport Minister Madan Mitra headed the employees' union of the group and publicly encouraged people to invest their savings with it.[76] Sudipto Sen, the group's charirman and managing director, reportedly spent ₹18.6 million (US$280,000) to buy paintings by Mamata Banerjee, whose government later issued a notification that public libraries should buy and display Saradha Group newspapers.[77] The group bought the loss-making company Landmark Cement, which was co-owned by textiles minister Shyamapada Mukherjee.[78][79] The group also had financial dealings with Ganesh Dey, the confidential assistant of the finance minister of the erstwhile Left Front government, who was later expelled.[80]

Politicians outside West Bengal also benefited from Saradha Group. Himanta Biswa Sarma, the Health and Education Minister of Assam, may have profited personally from the Ponzi scheme.[81][82] Sen said he paid ₹250 million (US$3.7 million) to Manoranjana Sinh, wife of former Congress MP from Assam and Central Government Cabinet minister Matang Sinh, ₹30 million (US$450,000) to her father K.N Gupta to buy shares in a television channel—allegedly at an inflated price. According to officials investigating the case, the actual amount paid could be almost double of what is being claimed.[83][84] Some commentators state that this Ponzi scheme survived for so long because of its heavy political patronage.[85][86]

Collapse

The earliest public warnings about the reckless and fradulent CIS in West Bengal started in 2009 from MPs Somendra Nath Mitra and Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury and TMC leader Sadhan Pande.[87] Apart from the SEBI investigation, no executive actions were taken at this time. On 7 December 2012, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Duvvuri Subbarao said the West Bengal government should initiate suo motu action against companies that were indulging in financial malpractice.[88] By that time, the Saradha Group Ponzi scheme was already beginning to unravel. In January 2013, the group's cash inflow was, for the first time, less than its cash payouts. This outcome is inevitable in a Ponzi scheme that is allowed to run full course. Sudipto Sen tried but failed to calm uneasy depositors and agents, and could not increase inflow of funds.[89]

On 6 April 2013, Sen wrote an 18-page confessional letter to the CBI, in which he admitted that he had paid large sums of money to several politicians.[90] He also stated that TMC leader Kunal Ghosh had forced him to enter into loss-making media ventures and blackmailed him into selling one of his television channels at below market price.[91] Sen fled after posting this letter on 10 April.[92]

In his absence, the Ponzi scheme unravelled. On 17 April, around 600 collection agents claiming to be associated with Saradha Group assembled at the headquarters of TMC and demanded government intervention.[93] Despondency quickly spread across Bengal. A Times of India interviewee said, "'The entire Dakshin Barasat today looks like it was hit by a cyclone. Every home has a bankrupt depositor or a fugitive agent. People who were once friends became enemies. Happy households became miserable. Students stopped going to school. Traders lost interest in opening shutters. There is a sense of treachery that has replaced the warmth of a neighbourhood. Suddenly everything has become vicious."[89] By this time, the Saradha Group financial scandal had colloquially become known as "Bonzi"—a portmanteau of the words Ponzi and Bengal.[94]

On 18 April, an arrest warrant for Sudipto Sen was issued.[95] By 20 April, the news of potentially the largest Ponzi scheme in India had become headline news in West Bengal, and then front-page news nationally.[96][97][98] After evading the authorities for a week, Sudipto Sen, Debjani Mukherjee and Arvind Singh Chauhan were arrested in Sonmarg, Kashmir, on 23 April 2013.[26][99] On the same day, SEBI stated that both chain marketing and forward contracts are forms of CIS, and officially asked Saradha Group to immediately desist from raising any further capital and return all deposits within three months.[47][100]

Aftermath and reactions

State government reaction

West Bengal

On 22 April 2013 the West Bengal government announced that a four-member judicial inquiry commission headed by Shyamal Kumar Sen, retired Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court, would probe the scam. The commission was named the Justice Shyamal Sen Commission of Enquiry (Saradha Group of Companies and other similar companies). West Bengal's Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee was reported to have said, "ja gechhey ta gechhey" (whatever has gone has gone).[101] On 24 April 2013, Banerjee announced a controversial ₹500 crore (US$74 million) relief fund for the low income depositors of the Saradha Group, introducing a 10% additional tax on tobacco products to raise the money and in jest asked smokers "to light up a little more".[102][103] The propriety of the fund was later questioned by the Governor of RBI.[104] The West Bengal government also set up a Special Investigation Team (SIT) u/s 36 of the CrPC, with officers drawn from the state's CID and Kolkata Police, to pool the criminal cases and investigate the Saradha Group.[105] The State Government staunchly opposed all investigations by federal investigative agencies CBI, ED and SFIO; conceding only after the Supreme Court ordered the federal agencies to take up the investigation.[106]

The state government decided to repeal an existing Bill passed by the Left Front Government in 2009, which had not received the approval of the President of India.[107][108] On 30 April 2013 the new Bill—The West Bengal Protection of Interest of Depositors in Financial Establishments Bill (2013), was passed in a two-day special session of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. The new law has provisions for retrospective effect, search and seizure, enhanced penalties, establishment of special courts and confiscation of property.[109][110][111] As the Bill pertained to the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution, on which a federal law was already in place, it required approval from the President. The Bill was sent to the Union Home Ministry, which sent it back to the West Bengal Assembly on 6 June 2013, stating that the Bill has penal provisions implemented with retrospective effect, thus contravening the Basic structure doctrine of the Indian constitution and the established criminal law jurisprudence.[112] On 12 December 2013, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed an amended version of the original Bill, incorporating changes suggested by the financial services, and revenue and economic affairs departments in New Delhi. The new Bill was then sent for presidential approval.[113]

On 8 May 2013, Banerjee said West Bengal was considering setting up a government-backed small savings fund to encourage small depositors to invest in it rather than in Ponzi schemes.[114] Doubts whether a cash-starved state with high debt burden has the financial acumen or political will to independently administer such a fund.[115]

On 23 May 2013, Bannerjee indicated the West Bengal government's willingness to take over Saradha-owned television channels Tara News and Tara Muzic, which had earlier been sent into administration by Calcutta High Court.[116]

Assam

On 4 April 2013, the Assam Legislative Assembly unanimously passed the Assam Protection of Interests of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) (Amendment) Bill (2013) to enhance the protections available to depositors and to curb fraudulent financial schemes.[117] Soon after the Saradha scam, Assam Government sent the Bill to the State Governor for his approval so it could be forwarded to President of India for his assent.[118]

On 22 April 2013, Assam Police sealed five offices of Saradha Group amid protests by depositors, agents and employees, and accusations that a minister, a former DGP and government officials had facilitated the group's business ventures in Assam.[119] Unlike in West Bengal, where the probe is based on FIRs filed by defrauded depositors, the Assam Government suo motto registered 222 cases against Saradha Group and 127 other companies after widespread protests in Assam. In 17 cases, charge sheets have been filed against 42 people belonging to 15 companies. 303 people have been arrested for embezzling public money. The government seized nearly ₹9.4 million (US$140,000) in cash from those arrested. 106 bank accounts with deposits of ₹240 million (US$3.6 million) were frozen while a number of plots totalling more than 99 bighas and buildings have been identified; steps were taken for their attachment.[118] On 6 May 2013, Assam handed the investigation to CBI.[120]

Odisha

On the basis of complaints filed by over 6000 depositors mainly from districts adjoining Bengal, the Government of Odisha ordered the Crime Branch of Odisha Police to investigate the Saradha scam.[121] The Economic Offence Wing (EOW) of the Crime Branch of Odisha Police registered criminal cases against Sudipto Sen and Saradha Group. On 3 May 2013, Odisha police seized documents and sealed the group's local offices.[122][123][124] During the transfer of the investigation to CBI in May 2014, EOW had registered up to 207 cases relating to 43 of the group's 44 companies and had arrested 440 people. Charge sheets for cheating and criminal conspiracy were filed in 120 cases under provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, and the Odisha Protection of Interest of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act.[125]

Tripura

On 9 May 2013, the Government of Tripura handed over all the cases involving deposit-collecting companies in the state to CBI and the Income Tax Department.[120]

Central government reaction

In March 2013, Central corporate affairs minister Sachin Pilot said in the Lok Sabha—the lower house of the Parliament of India—that his ministry has received complaints against West Bengal's Saradha Group and many other companies for their involvement in Ponzi or multi-layer-marketing schemes.[22] No action was taken until after the fraud was uncovered, when many measures were announced. On 25 April 2013, India's Income Tax department and Ministry of Corporate Affairs started separate investigation into the Saradha affair and similar Ponzi funds masquerading as NBFCs or CISs.[126] On the same day, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) registered a money laundering case under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) at its Guwahati office because the Assam police has registered an FIR against Saradha Group to investigate depositors' allegations of financial irregularities.[127] On 1 May 2013, commenting on the regulatory loopholes, the Chairman of SEBI said, "there should be one single regulator for entire collective investment schemes".[128]

On 7 May 2013, the Central Government set up an inter-ministerial group with members of the corporate affairs ministry, SEBI, Reserve Bank of India and officers from the Income Tax Department. The group is intended to unify the regulations of investment schemes by NBFCs, banks and companies, which As of 2013 were governed by different laws and regulations, leading to regulatory loopholes.[129] In light of the fraud, SEBI requested sweeping powers to investigate and prosecute fraudulent CISs.[130] In August 2013, the Central Government amended the SEBI Act and gave SEBI powers to search and seize without prior magisterial permission to investigate illegal money collection schemes.[131][132]

Political reactions and protests

The crash of the Ponzi scheme and the publication of Sudipto Sen's letter led to a barrage of cross-party accusations. CPM accused TMC of associating with the 'chit fund', TMC alleged that Union Minister of Finance's wife Nalini Chidambaram had taken lawyers' fees from Saradha Group to incorporate its companies and should be investigated.[133] TMC blamed CPM for letting Ponzi funds grow in Bengal.[134]

The Saradha scandal became a major campaign issue amongst the political parties in West Bengal during the 2014 national election.[135] Allegations were made by all the political parties in the state. While the CPM, Congress and BJP again accused TMC of facilitating and profiting from the fraud, TMC said the companies were allowed to register during the government run by CPM in the state and Congress in the centre.[136] Mamata Bannerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal and Chairperson of TMC, attacked P. Chidambaram, the finance minister of the central government, alleging a political vendetta in the timing—coinciding with the parliamentary elections—of a spurt in Enforcement Directorate investigation.[137] More political controversy occurred when Narendra Modi, the prime ministerial candidate, said Mamata Bannerjee may have directly benefited from the Ponzi scheme when her paintings were allegedly bought for ₹1.8 crore (US$270,000) by the Saradha Group.[138] TMC replied to the allegations, threatened legal action for defamation and called Modi the "Butcher of Gujarat".[139][140] On 11 September 2014, West Bengal law minister Chandrima Bhattacharya led around 100 TMC women supporters in a sit-in protest against CBI, alleging a biased and "politically motivated probe".[141][142]

Street protests broke out across West Bengal, during some of which protesters ransacked offices of various Ponzi funds.[143] The agents and depositors of several money mobilising funds in West Bengal organised themselves into the Chit Fund Sufferers Unity Forum (CFSUF) and demanded swift investigation and the reimbursement of deposits.[144] The Forum engaged in several, high-visibility, disruptive protests;[145] it was allegedly threatened and intimidated by TMC, the ruling political party.[146][147]

According to media reports, around 80 agents, depositors and executives or directors of various money pooling companies have committed suicide in the aftermath of the Saradha Group's collapse.[148][149]

International reaction

In September 2014, Bengali newspaper Anandabazar Patrika, citing several domestic and foreign intelligence reports, published a series of articles reporting that Saradha Group through Ahmed Hassan Imran, a TMC MP and founder member of Student Islamic Movement of India,[150] engaged Jamaat-e-Islami, a Bangladeshi extremist organisation, to move money out of India.[151][152] Jamaat-e-Islami used its brokerage from the laundering operation to fuel its militant protests against the war crime trials of its founders[153] and destabilise the Awami League government in Bangladesh.[154]

In response to the expose, the Government of Bangladesh, led by Sheikh Hasina, ordered the formation of a commission to further investigate the matter.[155] Mamata Bannerjee summoned the Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to lodge a protest for an alleged protocol violation for "selective leaks in media".[156] During subsequent bilateral meetings, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali conveyed deep apprehensions about funding for terrorists flowing from India to Bangladesh to Ajit Doval, the Indian National Security Advisor (NSA).[157][158] Bangladeshi human rights activist Shahriar Kabir also raised concerns about Saradha funds being moved through an extremist organisation to terrorist organisations like Al Qaeda.[159]

Judicial reactions

On 22 April 2013, separate Public Interest Litigations (PIL) were filed in Guwahati High Court by RTI activist Akhil Gogoi and in Calcutta High Court by advocate Basabi Roy Chowdhury and subsequently by advocate Rabi Sankar Chattopadhyay and Bikas Ranjan Bhattacharya, both seeking CBI investigation against the Saradha Group and other chit fund companies.[160] On 25 April, responding to the PIL, a division bench of Calcutta High Court comprising Chief Justice Arun Kumar Mishra and Justice Joymalya Bagchi said that because the ramifications of the scam included other states, a central agency would do justice to the investigation. The court gave state government one week to submit its investigation report to see whether the probe was being conducted in a fair manner.[161] On 7 May 2013, Calcutta High Court appointed a three-member administrator group to run Tara News and Tara Muzic.[162] The High Court then allowed the SIT to continue with the investigation and ordered it to submit a timely progress report before the court.[163] The petitioners were dissatisfied with the order and appealed to the Supreme Court of India in July 2013 via a Special Leave Petition (SLP).[164] Before the Supreme Court the Government of West Bengal stated that the investigation into the scam was being successfully conducted by the SIT.[165]

The state governments of Orissa, Jharkhand and Tripura, which were respondent to the case, requested a CBI enquiry.[166] The SC bench led by Justice T.S. Thakur and Justice C. Nagappan in April, 2014 said the Supreme Court may order a CBI probe into all money collection entities in India.[167] On 9 May 2014, the same bench of the Supreme Court ordered CBI to investigate all Ponzi schemes, including Saradha, in Eastern India.[168] The Court also clarified the concurrent attachment and auction of the assets of suspected Ponzi companies to reimburse depositors at the end of the judicial proceedings initiated by Enforcement Directorate authorised under federal laws and various state agencies authorised under state laws would also run parallel to the CBI investigation.[169]

Economic effects

Graph shows the fall of savings in government schemes with the rise of Ponzi funds (figures on y axis are in Crores INR)

Companies illegally moving deposits diverted an estimated sum of ₹240 billion (US$3.6 billion) from small savings funds promoted by state government since 2010. Official data show a steady decline in small-savings deposits and a rise in withdrawals, which left a reduced amount from which the state government could borrow. This affected the overall macroeconomic situation of the state; instead of being used by government for public funding, the money went into Ponzi schemes that were either diverted to foreign locations or were put to use for private gains.[170]

It was feared that legitimate non-banking financial companies and micro finance institutions would be stigmatised, leading to a vicious cycle of low depositor trust, higher interest rates, lower lending and a localised credit crisis.[171] Because most of the Saradha Group depositors came from the lowest economic strata, the loss of the investment would cause a further decrease in social mobility.[172] The scandal drew attention to similar illegal deposit mobilising companies, which are facing increased regulatory pressure.[173][174] Many of these companies have been variations of time share travel schemes, of which there are few clear regulations.[175] These companies tried to register as cooperative societies to continue their financial operations.[176]

Criminal prosecution and ongoing investigations

Special Investigation Team (SIT), West Bengal Police

FIR was filed against Sudipto Sen and Kunal Ghosh on 14 April 2013.[177] Around six officials from Saradha Group were arrested.[178] The investigation was headed by the detective department of Bidhannagar police. The investigation was widened to include other Ponzi funds.[179] Kunal Ghosh and other Ponzi fund officials from Saradha were repeatedly questioned by police to determine the true assets of the company and other facets of the fraud.[180] Ghosh was arrested by SIT in November 2013 after he posted a list of 12 names on his Facebook page; these included at least four TMC MPs and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.[181]

As per the initial SIT reports, Saradha Group had mobilised ₹2,459.59 crore (US$370 million) through issuance of its policies.[182] By April 2014, around 385 FIRs against Sardha Group, in which SIT filed 288 chargesheets, had been filed. 453 FIRs were filed against other money pooling companies and Ponzi funds, and 75 charge sheets were filed before the court.[183][184][185]

Since 2 May 2013, after complaints from depositors, state government ordered SIT to broaden its investigation and conduct search and seizure at offices of MPS Greenery Developers Ltd and Prayag Infotech Hi-Rise Ltd, which were running unregistered collective investment schemes similar to Saradha Group.[186][187] By 6 May 2013, police had arrested directors of Ponzi companies ATM Group[188] and Annex Infrastructure Pvt Ltd on charges of defrauding depositors.[189] According to news-reports, at the time of handing the Saradha Group investigation to CBI, SIT had arrested 11 people, had traced 224 immovable properties, seized 54 vehicles and had filed charge sheet in almost 300 pending cases.[190]

Justice Shyamal Sen Commission

By mid-August 2013, the Justice Shyamal Sen Commission finished its initial compilation of the list of claimants. Around 1.74 million depositors filed claims with the Commission, of which 83% invested ₹10,000 (US$150) or less.[191] The Commission recommended that West Bengal state government sell the assets of Saradha Group and proportionally distribute the returns among defrauded investors.[192] By April 2014, the Commission had refunded 400,000 depositors who had invested less than ₹10,000. The Commission received claims from 500,000 depositors who were defrauded by Ponzi funds other than Saradha; the Commission did not refund any of these depositors. In April 2014, Calcutta High Court sought a report from the Commission on the discriminatory standards being applied to the refunding of depositors.[193]

Central agencies

On 30 April 2013 CBI started investigating into the Saradha Group scandal in Assam at the request of the state government.[194][195] Chief Minister of Tripura said Tripura may also order a CBI probe into Saradha Group.[196]

In West Bengal, because the criminal investigation had not initially been handed over to the CBI, the Enforcement Directorate (ED)—a Central Government agency which primarily probes money laundering—led the investigation on behalf of the Central Government. In April, 2014, ED arrested the absconding wife, son and daughter-in-law of Sudipta Sen, all of whom had been directors of various companies of Saradha Group. ED also questioned TMC MPs Ahmad Hassan and Arpita Ghosh about their financial transactions with Saradha Group.[197] ED alleged that West Bengal police has not cooperated with it and obstructed its investigation.[198][199][200]

In May 2014, the Supreme Court transferred all investigations into 44 deposit-mobilising companies—including Saradha Group—suspected of running Ponzi schemes in the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Tripura, to CBI.[201][202] As per Supreme Court's order Bengal SIT handed over all arrested suspects including Sudipto Sen, Debjani Mukherjee and Kunal Ghosh over to CBI. CBI questioned several prominent personalities who were connected with Saradha Group; some—including TMC vice president and former Director General of Police (DGP) in West Bengal Rajat Majumdar,[203] Assamese singer and filmmaker Sadananda Gogoi[204] and former advocate general of Odisha Ashok Mohanty.[205] Former Assam DGP Shankar Barua who was a suspect in the Saradha scandal and whose house was searched by CBI, committed suicide.[206][207] On 21 November 2014 CBI arrested Srinjoy Bose, another TMC parliamentarian in connection with the scam.[208] On 12 December 2014, CBI arrested West Bengal Transport minister Madan Mitra on the charges of criminal conspiracy, cheating, misappropriation and deriving undue financial benefits from the Saradha Group.[209]

Convictions and sentences

In February 2014, Sudipta Sen was convicted in a case where he was charged, under various provisions of employment law, as a director of Saradha Group for his failure to deposit with the provident fund authorities INR 0.03 million that his firm owed to its employees; he was sentenced by the trial court to three years in jail, it was the first conviction in a series of civil and criminal cases, relating to corporate fraud and non-payment of deposits, pending against him.[210]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chitti chitti bang bang". The Telegraph. Mumbai. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  2. ↑ Agarwal, Abhyudaya; Satyaditya Singh Dhakare (5 June 2013). "What exactly happened in the Saradha Scam? Understanding chit fund, MLM, corporate deposits and collective investment schemes". Marketing and advertising law. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  3. ↑ Kaul, Vivek (30 April 2013). "Here's why Saradha was not a chit fund but a Ponzi scheme". Firstpost. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  4. ↑ PTI. "More Saradha entities under SEBI scanner". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  5. ↑ Soudhriti Bhabani (23 January 2013). "Anger mounts over Saradha fund crisis as thousands of depositors face ruin". Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  6. ↑ "Cheat funds, again". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  7. ↑ Dutta, Romita (20 June 2013). "Saradha raised deposits from 1.7 mn people, probe finds". LiveMint. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  8. ↑ "Mamata announces SIT, inquiry into Saradha". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 1 March 1999. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  9. ↑ Mamata sets up fund for duped Saradha investors, Business Standard, 24 April 2013
  10. ↑ Dasgupta, Mithun (26 April 2013). "60 firms like Saradha Group operating in Bengal". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  11. ↑ "SC jolt for Mamata: CBI to probe Saradha scam The CBI will also probe other Ponzi schemes in West Bengal, Odisha, Tripura, Jharkhand and Assam". Business Standard. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  12. ↑ "Supreme Court orders just what Mamata didn't want". Calcutta Telegraph. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  13. ↑ "WB Minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha scam". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "West Bengal minister Madan Mitra arrested by CBI". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  15. ↑ "Ponzi schemes show failure of formal banking". The Economic Times. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Gupta, SC; Shankar, Girish; Giridhar, A (2007). Report of the Technical Group Set up to Review Legislations on Money Lending. Reserve Bank of India.
  17. ↑ Chaki, Deborshi (28 April 2013). "Indian Ponzi scheme pushes many to penury". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  18. ↑ Kaul, Vivek (3 May 2013). "Dear KC Chakrabarty, here's the real reason why people invest in Ponzi shemes". Firstpost. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  19. ↑ "Saradha fraud: Blame the RBI for the repressed formal financial sector". The Economic Times. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  20. ↑ Khanna, Sudeep (8 May 2013). "Saradha scam: a wake-up call for investors". LiveMint. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  21. ↑ "Mamata Banerjee vows to repay depositors of Saradha group's Sudipta Sen". The Indian Express. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  22. 1 2 Ray, Atmadip (24 April 2013). "The fall of Saradha group revives old ghosts of ponzi schemes going bust". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  23. ↑ "Once Again a Ponzi Lays Waste". Economic and Political Weekly. XLVIII (19). 11 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  24. ↑ Sharma, Nagender; Gaurav Chaudhury (28 April 2013). "Is Bengal the Ponzi capital of India?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  25. ↑ "60 firms like Saradha operating in Bengal". Business Standard. Kolkata. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  26. 1 2 "United departure, separated arrival". The Telegraph. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  27. ↑ Bannerjee, Monideepa (23 April 2013). "Sudipta Sen: The man with 'three wives and five houses'". NDTV. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  28. ↑ Dutta, Sushmita (27 April 2013). "'Cheat' fund: The inside story of Sudipto Sen & Saradha group". Zee News. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  29. 1 2 "Excel sheet shows Debjani clout: Cops". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  30. ↑ "Debjani cousin claims frame-up". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  31. ↑ Ghosh, Shamik (23 April 2013). "Chit fund scam: Saradha group chairman Sudipta Sen arrested from Kashmir". NDTV. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  32. ↑ Gupta, Priyanka (27 April 2013). "How a Saradha receptionist became executive director in just 3 years". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  33. ↑ "Who is Debjani Mukherjee?". Kolkata: India Today. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  34. ↑ Ray Choudhury, Ranabir (25 April 2013). "In the name of Maa Sarada". Hindu Businee Line. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  35. ↑ Dutta, Ishita (29 April 2013). "Newsmaker: Sudipta Sen". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  36. 1 2 Chowdhury, Subhanil (4 May 2013). "The Political Economy of Shadow Finance in West Bengal". Economic and Political Weekly. XLVIII (18).
  37. ↑ Das, Madhuparna (28 April 2013). "In story of Saradha's crores, Bengal's forgotten hundreds". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  38. ↑ "PM says unauthorized deposit collection has to be curbed". The Times of India. New Delhi. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  39. ↑ Pande, Vinay (26 April 2013). "Saradha chit fund scam: State government failed, but so has centre". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  40. ↑ Acharya, Namrata (26 April 2013). "In Bengal's grey 'money market', Saradha is just one". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  41. ↑ Saha, Sambit; Pranseh Sarkar (23 April 2013). "Saradha with 120 arms and blessings". The Telegraph. Kolkota. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  42. ↑ Konar, Debasis (29 April 2013). "Sebi's Saradha order came 3 years after probe started". The Times of India. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  43. ↑ Pandey, Alok (24 April 2013). "Motorcycle factory, cited in chit-fund letter bomb, that ran on deceit". Kolkata: NDTV. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  44. ↑ Basak, Probal (27 April 2013). "After Saradha, next target should be Rose Valley: Sushil Modi". Business Standard. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  45. ↑ "Saradha scam: Several inquiries are going on, WB governor says". The Times of India. Kolkata. 26 April 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  46. ↑ "Disassociate Saradha from chit fund sector, says chit fund association". New Delhi: Yahoo Finance India. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  47. 1 2 3 "SEBI Order (WTM/RKA/ERO-CIS/19/2013)" (PDF). Mumbai: SEBI. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  48. ↑ Khanna, Rohit (30 April 2013). "How Sudipta Sen's strategy stumped Sebi". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  49. ↑ "Sleuths track 'J… Ali' lead in Sen case". The Calcutta Telegraph. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  50. ↑ "Fraud office catches West Asia whiff". The Calcutta Telegraph. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  51. ↑ Das, Madhuparna (12 September 2014). "Money trail leads to hawala channels, offshore accounts". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  52. ↑ "Saradha group ch(ea)t fund: A money trail of fraud". FirstPost. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  53. ↑ Kaul, Vivek (24 April 2013). "Saradha a classic Ponzi schemes: Why there will be more suckers". FirstPost. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  54. ↑ Acharya, Anindita (27 April 2013). "Bengal's film industry dances to ponzi fund tune". Hindustan Times. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  55. 1 2 Roy, Sandip (22 April 2013). "How Trinamool burnt its fingers in the Saradha chit fund scam". Firstpost. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  56. ↑ "Shocking: Bollywood actor, TMC MP Mithun Chakraborty's name surfaces in Saradha scam, gets ED summon". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  57. ↑ "ED summons Mithun Chakraborty tomorrow". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  58. ↑ "Mamata benefited most from Saradha scam, suspended TMC MP Kunal Ghosh says". Times of India. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  59. ↑ "Prabhat Varta". Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  60. ↑ "Partnership purely editorial: Srinjoy". The Times of India. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  61. ↑ Zaved, Jeshan (4 May 2013). "Two newspapers stay afloat". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  62. ↑ Mitra, Dola (6 May 2013). "Then Came The Showstopper". Outlook India. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  63. ↑ "Three TV channels owned by Saradha Group to be auctioned". Hindu Businessline. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  64. ↑ Chowdhury, Rajib (2 September 2014). "Saradha: Footballer under ED scanner". The Asian Age. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  65. ↑ Ghosal, Shakuntala; Tamal Sengupta; Anuradha Himatsingka (29 April 2013). "Mamata Banerjee making all efforts to save Saradha Group's media companies". The Economic Times. Kolkata. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  66. ↑ Trust, Press. "Saradha scam: Actor Aparna Sen questioned by ED". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  67. ↑ "Filmmaker Aparna Sen questioned in Saradha scam probe". India Today. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  68. ↑ Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (23 April 2013). "Saradha chief used fake mobike plant to dupe investors". Hindustan Times. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  69. ↑ "Sen's 'bluff', in a nutshell". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  70. ↑ Basak, Sanjay (28 April 2013). "Chit fund scam: Mamata Banerjee donated Saradha sops, faces backlash". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  71. ↑ Benerjee, Moideepa (29 April 2013). "Chit fund scam: Saradha shadow over football field". Kolkata: NDTV. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  72. ↑ Islam, Aminul. "Cutbacks in the offing". LiveMint. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  73. ↑ Bhattacharya, Ravik (25 April 2013). "Scam hurts Trinamool image, Mamata faces dissent". Hindustan Times. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  74. ↑ Basu, Riju (29 April 2013). "Who would fund puja celebrations after Sudipto?". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  75. ↑ "Who are the two TMC MPs Srinjoy Bose and Kunal Ghosh?". First Post. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  76. ↑ "Trinamool cannot wish away its links with Saradha group irrespective of what Mamata says". The Economic Times. Kolkata. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  77. ↑ Acharya, Namrata (28 April 2013). "Banking on lies". Business Standard. Kolkata. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  78. ↑ Khanna, Rohit (14 August 2014). "Saradha cloud over TMC MLA's co deal". Times of India. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  79. ↑ Siddiqui, Ahmed (15 August 2014). "CBI focus on Saradha VIPs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  80. ↑ "His CPM master's confidential assistants". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  81. ↑ "Saradha chitfund: Sudipta Sen sent to 14-day police remand- TIMESNOW.tv – Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos". Timesnow.Tv. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  82. ↑ "Assam for CBI probe into Saradha scam". Indiablooms.com. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  83. ↑ "'Actual money paid to ex-MP's wife by Sen may be much more'". Times of India. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  84. ↑ Bhabani, Soudhriti (26 April 2013). "Saradha chit fund chief Sudipta Sen's letter to CBI can singe big names". India Today. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  85. ↑ Malik, Ashok (27 April 2013). "Sen and Saradha: Story of political intrigue". Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  86. ↑ Arun, MG (26 May 2013). "Unsafe Deposit". Business Today. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  87. ↑ "West Bengal chit fund scam: Knives out for tainted Trinamool MPs". The Times of India. Kolkata. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  88. ↑ Roy Chowdhury, Sumanta (23 April 2013). "Mamata govt feels the heat after the Ponzi scheme meltdown". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  89. 1 2 Bandopadhay, Krishnendu. "Saradha chit fund mess: Quick-rich dreams lie crushed". The Times of India. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  90. ↑ "Politicos in dock over Saradha scam". Deccan Herald. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  91. ↑ "Times Now Exclusive: Sudipto Sen's letter to CBI on 6th April". Times Now. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  92. ↑ "Sudipta Sen's driver says TMC MPs met Saradha boss before escape". Times of India. 24 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  93. ↑ "Ponzi protests stall traffic". Times of India. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  94. ↑ Saha, Sambit (21 April 2013). "Bengal's Bonzi shell cracks up Panic strikes other schemes". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  95. ↑ "Mamata clears arrest to nip chit contagion". The Telegraph. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  96. ↑ Maglich, Jordan (25 April 2013). "Massive $3.6 Billion Ponzi Scheme Uncovered in India". Ponzitracker. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  97. ↑ "Sanchayita haunts Saradha victims". The Times of India. 21 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  98. ↑ "Soon, PIL in HC seeking ban on chit fund operators". The Indian Express. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  99. ↑ "Saradha Group chairman Sudipto Sen arrested in Jammu and Kashmir". The Indian Express. Kolkata: PTI. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  100. ↑ "'Boxed in', Sebi too late – Saradha given three months to refund investors". The Telegraph. Mumbai. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  101. ↑ "What the govt balance sheet shows The words and deeds". The Telegraph. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  102. ↑ "DIDI'S SIN TAX Rs 500cr plan to refund poor victims". The Telegraph. Kolkota. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  103. ↑ "Editorial". The Telegraph. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  104. ↑ "Is Sardha tax fair RBI Chief asks". The Telegraph. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  105. ↑ "Tathagata Roy says sit is not doing good in sardha case. So why not cbi?". BNC. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  106. ↑ "BJP questions Mamata Banerjee's silence over CBI quizzing TMC leaders". Economic Times. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  107. ↑ "Confusion over new chit-fund bill". The Times of India. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  108. ↑ "New bill on chit funds by Bengal govt sparks off debate". Business Standard. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  109. ↑ "West Bengal passes new Bill to protect investor interests". Business Line. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  110. ↑ "West Bengal to bring new bill on protecting investor interest". The Hindu. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  111. ↑ "New Bill For Investor Protection To Have More Teeth". Business World. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  112. ↑ "Delhi lobs back Saradha bill". Calcutta Telegraph. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  113. ↑ "Saradha bill passed 2nd time". Calcutta Telegraph. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  114. ↑ "Mamata Banerjee moots social security scheme after Saradha chit fund scam". India Today. Kolkata. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  115. ↑ "Here comes trusted Didi deposit scheme". The Telegraph. Kolkata. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  116. ↑ "Bengal to take over 2 TV channels of Saradha Group, but not liabilities". The Telegraph. Kolkata. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  117. ↑ "Assembly passes Assam Protection of Interests of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Amendment Bill". Guwahati. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  118. 1 2 "Assam Bill awaits Guv nod to nip Saradha-like scams in bud". Dailly Pioneer. Guwahati. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  119. ↑ "Company Offices Sealed in Assam". The Telegraph. Guwahati/Bongaigaon. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  120. 1 2 "Tripura at CBI's door over deposits". The Telegraph. Agartala. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  121. ↑ "State feels Saradha aftershocks". The Telegraph. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  122. ↑ "Odisha Police registers second case against Saradha Group". Bhuvaneshwar: Zee News. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  123. ↑ "Odisha Police registers second case against Saradha Group". DNA India. Bhuvneshwar. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  124. ↑ "Chit fund Saradha's office closed in the state". Odisha Reporter. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  125. ↑ Anand, Utkarsh (15 April 2014). "Orissa ponzi scam surpasses that of Bengal by Rs 2,140 cr". Indian Express. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  126. ↑ "Corporate Affairs Ministry to probe Saradha group". The Telegraph. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  127. ↑ "Saradha chit fund scam: ED registers money laundering case". The Economic Times. New Delhi. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  128. ↑ "Working hard to save investors from Ponzi schemes: SEBI". The Hindu. New Delhi. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  129. ↑ Bannerjee, Ronojoy (7 May 2013). "Saradha scam: Probe panel set up to fix loopholes in laws". CNBC-TV18. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  130. ↑ Lashkar, Anirudh; Vyas Mohan (22 May 2013). "Sebi seeks sweeping powers". Live Mint. Mumbai. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  131. ↑ Modak, Samie (19 August 2013). "Sebi working on norms to incorporate new powers". Business Standard. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  132. ↑ "Sebi enacts stricter laws on CIS, front running". Business Standard. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  133. ↑ PTI. "Chit fund: TMC questions role of Chidambaram's wife in Saradha group". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  134. ↑ "Many claims in letter – Sudipta Sen's missive to CBI". The Telegraph. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  135. ↑ Purohit, Devadeep (20 April 2014). "Open season on Saradha scandal Rahul's turn to target Mamata, earn wrath". Calcutta Telegraph. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  136. ↑ Bannerjee, Rupak (28 April 2014). "CPM a Saradha beneficiary: Mamata". Times of India. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  137. ↑ "Saradha scam: Mamata targets Chidambaram over ED probe". DEccan Herald. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  138. ↑ Roy, Sandip (28 April 2014). "Modi taunts Mamata over Saradha; Look after your wife, retorts TMC". Firstpost. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  139. ↑ "Narendra Modi slams Mamata Banerjee over Saradha scam, TMC calls him "Butcher of Gujarat"". Indian Express. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  140. ↑ Bannerjee, Monidepa (27 April 2014). "Mamata Banerjee's party calls Narendra Modi 'butcher of Gujarat'". NDTV. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  141. ↑ Das, Madhuparna (12 September 2014). "As CBI's Saradha net closes in on her party, Mamata Banerjee flexes her cadre muscle". The Indian Express. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  142. ↑ "TMC fields law minister to lead anti-CBI protests". Times of India. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  143. ↑ Mishra, Digbijay (21 April 2013). "Investors ransack Saradha's Bengal offices, knock at CM's door". Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  144. ↑ "Politicians, academicians arrested over Saradha scam protest". Yahoo. Retrieved 10 May 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  145. ↑ "Chitfund Sufferers' calls for 'Rail Roko' in Kolkata: 20000 expected to squat on Railway Lines". Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  146. ↑ Chankraborty, Manotosh (3 May 2014). "Ponzi victims in Garia face 'TMC' wrath". Times of India. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  147. ↑ "Saradha Shock". The Statesman. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  148. ↑ Bhattacharya, Ravik (13 May 2014). "CBI forms SIT to probe Saradha group, 17 other firms". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  149. ↑ Das, Madhuparna (22 Sep 2014). "Saradha net wider, tighter". Indian Express. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  150. ↑ Chanda, Arup (22 Sep 2014). "Mystery Surrounds Pakistan Citizen's TMC MP Post". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  151. ↑ "Saradha scam shocker: Mamata Banerjee's aide, TMC MP's link with terror group SIMI, Jamat exposed". One India. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  152. ↑ "Bangladesh moves India on Imran". BDNews24. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  153. ↑ "Report: India's Saradha Group funded Jamaat violence". Dhaka Tribune. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  154. ↑ Chanda, Arup (24 August 2014). "Saradha Money Fanned Bangla Flames". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  155. ↑ "Saradha scam with Trinamool links may also have funded Bangla Islamists". Firstbiz. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  156. ↑ Bagchi, Suvojit (13 September 2014). "Mamata summons Bangladesh Deputy High Commissioner". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  157. ↑ "India Should Unmask Saradha Link to Jamaat". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  158. ↑ "Bangladesh rakes up Saradha money with India". Hindustan Times. 20 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  159. ↑ Azad, Abid (14 Sep 2014). "Concern expressed over Saradha's Jamaat funding". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  160. ↑ "Road blockades across Bengal; two PILs filed". Business Line. Kolkata. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  161. ↑ "Saradha money scam: Calcutta High Court and Central govt stepping in". Kerala Next. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  162. ↑ "Panel lifeline for two TV channels owned by Saradha". The Indian Express. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  163. ↑ "State probe for now into Saradha default". Calcutta Telegraph. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  164. ↑ "SC notice to Centre, Bengal for CBI probe into Saradha scam". Calcutta Telegraph. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  165. ↑ "Saradha report 'sketchy' - SC: Where has depositors' money gone?". Calcutta Telegraph. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  166. ↑ "Neighbour sneezes, Bengal sniffs SC tilts to Odisha CBI probe". The Calcutta Telegaph. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  167. ↑ Mishra, Ashutosh (24 April 2014). "Collection scam: SC hints at CBI probe". The Calcutta Telegraph. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  168. ↑ "Supreme Court asks CBI to probe Saradha chit fund scam". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  169. ↑ "CBI Probe not to Affect Asset Liquidation Move". The New Indian Express. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  170. ↑ Sarkar, Pranesh (25 pPril 2013). "Snore & drown savings bell ... Zzzzzzzzzzzz ...". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 29 April 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  171. ↑ "Saradha Group has nothing to do with Chit Fund business: CFAI". New Delhi: Zee News. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  172. ↑ Chowdhury, Charandas (6 May 2013). "Indian Ponzi Scheme Gets a Political Bailout". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  173. ↑ Basu, Manish (6 May 2013). "ICore E-Services on the verge of collapse". Livemint. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  174. ↑ Pandey, Alok (27 April 2013). "After Saradha Group's collapse, focus on rural Bengal's 'get rich' schemes". Singur: NDTV. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  175. ↑ Ghosh, Pinak (20 May 2013). "Sebi and Rose hurl thorns in ad valley". The Telegraph. Kolkota. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  176. ↑ Basu, Manish (20 May 2013). "Saradha fallout: Bengal firms eye cooperative society status". LiveMint. Kolkata. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  177. ↑ "Our proximity was our power". The Telegraph. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  178. ↑ "Ponzi fire spreads to other firms". Hindustan Times. Berhampore. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  179. ↑ Ray, Atmadip; Anuradha Himatsingka; Sutanuka Ghosal (29 April 2013). "Saradha chit fund scam: The top five among Bengal's flourishing financial grey market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  180. ↑ "Signal in Kunal quiz". The Telegraph. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  181. ↑ Bannerjee, Monideepa (24 November 2014). "Saradha scam: Trinamool MP Kunal Ghosh arrested, names Mamata Banerjee in Facebook post". NDTV. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  182. ↑ "West Bengal: Saradha scam worth Rs 2,460 crore, report says". Times of India. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  183. ↑ Mondal, Pronab (21 April 2014). "Happy birthday, SIT A year of largely living up to its 'name'". Calcutta Telegraph. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  184. ↑ "State fried on Saradha omission". Calcutta Telegraph. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  185. ↑ "Bengal system has crumbled under Saradha plot:SC". Calcutta Telegraph. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  186. ↑ "WB govt shuts down MPS office in Kolkata; Another chit fund scam in the making?". First Post. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  187. ↑ "Where there is a will, not bill, there is a way – Cops seal two firms' offices". The Telegraph. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  188. ↑ "Director held". The Telegraph. Midnapore. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  189. ↑ "Bengal-based chit fund owner arrested". Barasat: Zee News. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  190. ↑ Siddiqui, Imran (9 May 2014). "Political angle blips on CBI radar". Calcutta Telegraph. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  191. ↑ Basu, Kinshuk; Pranesh Sarkar (19 August 2013). "Saradha vow faces tricky sums". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  192. ↑ Basak, Probal; Namrata Acharya (5 August 2013). "Sen panel to recommend selling of Saradha assets". Business Standard. Kolkata. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  193. ↑ "Saradha more equal than others Court seeks panel report". Calcutta Telegraph. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  194. ↑ "CBI starts investigation in Assam". Bartaman (in Bengali). Kolkata. 30 April 2013.
  195. ↑ "Chit fund scam: CBI team to meet Assam Police in Guwahati". Guwahati: ANI. 30 April 2013.
  196. ↑ "Tripura may order CBI probe into Saradha chit fund scam". India Today. Agartala. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  197. ↑ Chaudhury, Monalisa (22 April 2014). "ED contacts Trinamul MP". Calcutta Telegraph. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  198. ↑ "Saradha arrests: Non-cooperation charge may prove costly for state". Times of India. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  199. ↑ "'Bengal government putting obstacles in Saradha probe to save Trinamool'". Odisha Sun Times. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  200. ↑ "Mamata Banerjee government suppressing Saradha facts: Left Front". DNA. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  201. ↑ Dutta, Romita (9 May 2014). "Supreme Court directs CBI to probe Saradha, other deposit-taking firms". Livemint. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  202. ↑ Mohapatra, Dhananjay (9 May 2014). "SC orders CBI probe into Saradha chit fund scam". Times of India. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  203. ↑ "Congress Questions Mamata's Meeting with Saradha Scam Mastermind". The New Indian Express. 10 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  204. ↑ "CBI arrests Sadananda Gogoi in Saradha scam". Times of India. 13 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  205. ↑ "Odisha's former advocate general Ashok Mohanty arrested in chit-fund scam". Times of India. 22 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  206. ↑ "Former Assam DGP, under scanner in Saradha scam, commits suicide". Times of India. 17 Sep 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  207. ↑ Trust, Press. "First Mamata minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha chit fund scam". India Today. India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  208. ↑ "Saradha scam: CBI arrests Trinamool Congress MP Srinjoy Bose". Times of India. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  209. ↑ Trust, Press. "First Mamata minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha chit fund scam". India Today. Indian Today. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  210. ↑ Dutta, Romita (21 February 2014). "Saradha chairman Sudipta Sen sentenced to three years in jail". Livemint. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Anti-corruption activism
Legislation
Existing
Proposed
Other
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/26/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.