Serosorting

Serosorting, also known as "serodiscrimination", is the practice of using HIV status as a decision-making point in choosing sexual behavior. Frequently the term is used to describe the behavior of a person who chooses a sexual partner assumed to be of the same HIV serostatus in order to engage in unprotected sex with them for a reduced risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV/AIDS.[1]

Knowledge of HIV status is based on the result of a person's HIV test, with a positive result indicating that a person has HIV, and can potentially transmit the disease to others during any sexual contact involving an exchange of bodily fluids (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex). There are many situations where determining their partner's serostatus outside of clinical settings cannot be done with complete certainty, limiting the efficacy in mitigating the transmission of HIV/AIDS (or other STDs). As people do not typically engage in sex practices with the expectation of contracting or transmitting HIV, failed attempts at serosorting are a leading cause of the contraction of HIV among partners.

Terms and etymology

The word serosorting comes from the Latin word serum, which refers to blood serum. Sorting refers to choosing partners based on HIV status, which can be determined from blood tests, among other methods. Serodiscordant sex refers to sex between an HIV-positive person and an HIV-negative person; typically partners practicing serosorting make an attempt to find someone with a matching HIV test result, otherwise known as a seroconcordant partner.

Risks associated with serosorting

Failure to accurately determine HIV status

Failure to accurately determine HIV status may stem from people not being sure of their true HIV status (or not admitting to having HIV)—even a recent negative result from an HIV test may not be definitive of a person's serostatus, because if they are still within the window period following a recent infection, the antibodies that the blood tests measure will not be present yet. In addition, testing negative for HIV does not guarantee that they are free of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HPV or hepatitis B.

However, the largest experiment with serosorting has been conducted in the adult film industry by the Adult Industry Medical Healthcare Foundation. The Adult Industry Medical testing program, or AIM, eliminates virtually all possibility of lying and enforces a high frequency of testing for a variety of STDs that can make the transmission of HIV more likely. All actors in legitimate adult films are tested twice a year for herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, hepatitis types A, B and C, and HIV—as well as monthly for HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Before this program of testing, adult film actors had a very high rate of STDs, but now have only a 20% higher rate of STDs than the general public.

An online service, STFree Certifications, allows anyone to anonymously and securely exchange STD test results, although few public health professionals are aware of this service, and its effectiveness and proper use hasn't been thoroughly tested.

As a substitution for condom use

Dr. Matthew Golden of King County Public Health, in Washington, conducted a study with sexually active West Coast men and concluded that the patient population did demonstrate limited protection from HIV by serosorting. In his study, 3.5% of the men that used neither condoms nor serosorting became HIV-positive, as compared to 2.6% of the men that practiced serosorting alone, and 1.5% of the men who reported consistent condom use without serosorting.

Golden's population differs from AIM's in that anal sex made up a high proportion of the subjects' sexual habits, their testing intervals were typically longer and less regular, there were no tests for STDs other than HIV, such as chlamydia (an important factor considering other STDs may hasten the spread of the virus), and there were no protections against falsely reporting any of the results. Golden's study did not cover the use of serosorting combined with condoms—which, theoretically, would be more effective than either precaution used separately.[2]

Disease exchange between seroconcordant people

Serosorting does not fully protect against all STDs during unprotected sex between two people infected with HIV. Infection with one strain of HIV does not preclude later infection with another strain. There is a great deal of genetic variability within individual HIV populations, because this variability is shuffled and mutated every time the virus (numbering in the millions) reproduces inside the infected person's body. Modern drug cocktails keep virus and mutation levels low but eventually drug resistance will develop. Unprotected sex between two individuals positive for HIV still presents the risk of one of them—with a relatively less aggressive strain of the virus—exchanging genetic sequences with their partner's more drug-resistant cousin, and becoming harder to treat.[3] Furthermore, dual infection has been associated with a more rapid progression towards developing AIDS.[4]

Motivation for serosorting

Lower rates of changing each other's serostatus

Studies have shown that serosorting provides some limited decrease in risk of contracting HIV among Men who have sex with men (MSMs) who use it as an HIV risk reduction technique.[2][5][6]

It has been seen as controversial in being used to engage in sexual activities without regard to safer sex practices, as either participants were free of HIV or were already carriers. Although the practice has occurred informally since the AIDS pandemic began,[7] serosorting has become more prevalent with online social networking sites now facilitating interactions, and even some health professionals citing harm reduction concepts for gay men as a measure to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection.[8]

New developments

There has been further evolution on the idea of serosorting since the introduction of home-based rapid result tests. Prior to engaging in unprotected sex the two partners get tested together. If the immediate results are concordant they choose to have unprotected sex; while if the result is discordant condoms are used.

The appeal of bareback sex

Barebacking, or having male-to-male anal sex without using a condom, first became articulated in magazines such as POZ in 1995–96 as a practice taking place among HIV-positive men, and may be seen as an early articulation of serosorting.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Meeting Summary: "Consultation on Serosorting Practices among Men who Have Sex with Men"". http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-26. External link in |work= (help)
  2. 1 2 Golden, MR; Stekler, J; Hughes, JP; Wood, RW (2008). "HIV serosorting in men who have sex with men: is it safe?". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 49 (2): 212–8. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818455e8. PMID 18769346.
  3. ↑ Smith, DM; Wong, JK; Hightower, GK; Ignacio, CC; Koelsch, KK; Petropoulos, CJ; et al. (2005). "HIV drug resistance acquired through superinfection". AIDS (journal). 19 (12): 1251–1256. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000180095.12276.ac. PMID 16052079.
  4. ↑ Gottlieb, GS; Nickle, DC; Jensen, MA; Wong, KG; Grobler, J; Li, F; et al. (2004). "Dual HIV-1 infection associated with rapid disease progression". Lancet. 363 (9049): 619–622. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15596-7. PMID 14987889.
  5. ↑ Parsons, Jeffrey T; Schrimshaw, Eric W; Wolitski, Richard J; Halkitis, Perry N; Purcell, David W; Hoff, Colleen C; Gómez, Cynthia A (April 2005). "Sexual harm reduction practices of HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men: serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation". 19 (1). AIDS (journal): S13–S25. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  6. ↑ Gus Cairns (22 August 2006). "Is serosorting working, or even possible?". aidsmap. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  7. ↑ Siconolfi, Daniel E; Moeller, Robert W (Winter 2007). "Serosorting". San Francisco AIDS Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  8. ↑ Race, Kane (2010). "Click Here for HIV Status: Shifting Templates of Sexual Negotiation". Emotion Space & Society. 3 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2010.01.003.
  9. ↑ Race, Kane (2010). "Engaging in a Culture of Barebacking: Gay Men and the Risk of HIV Prevention". HIV Treatment and Prevention Technologies in International Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23819-0.
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