List of monarchs of Persia
Shahanshah of Iran ایران | |
---|---|
| |
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi | |
Details | |
First monarch | Cyrus the Great |
Last monarch | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
Formation | 550 BC |
Abolition |
11 February 1979 (Monarchy ended by Iranian Revolution) |
Pretender(s) |
Reza Pahlavi II (Pahlavi dynasty) |
The following is a list of monarchs of Persia, who ruled over the area of modern-day Iran from the establishment of the Achaemenid dynasty by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.
Earlier monarchs in the area of modern-day Iran are listed in:
Minor dynasties and vassal monarchs can be found in:
Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) | ||||||||
Cyrus the Great | The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World | 600–530 BC | 559 BC | 530 BC | Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages | King of Anshan from 559 BC. Killed in battle with Massagetes | ||
Cambyses | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–521 BC | 530 BC | 522 BC | Son of Cyrus the Great | Died while en route to put down a rebellion. | ||
Bardiya | Gaumata (?) | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–522 BC | 522 BC | 522 BC | Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) | Killed by Persian aristocrats | |
Darius I | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | 550–486 BC | 522 BC | 486 BC | Son of Hystaspes | Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib Nswbty: Stutre[2] | ||
Xerxes I | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | 519–465 BC | 485 BC | 465 BC | Son of Darius I | Most likely is the King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther[3] | ||
Artaxerxes I | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–424 BC | 465 BC | 424 BC | Son of Xerxes I | Believed by some to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther | ||
Xerxes II | Artaxerxes | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–424 BC | 424 BC | 424 BC | Son of Artaxerxes I | Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus | |
? | Sogdianus | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–423 BC | 424 BC | 423 BC | Son of Artaxerxes I | Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II | |
Darius II | Ochus | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–404 BC | 424 BC | 404 BC | Son of Artaxerxes I | ||
Artaxerxes II | Arsaces | The Great King, King of Kings | 436–358 BC | 404 BC | 358 BC | Son of Darius II | ||
Artaxerxes III | Ochus | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–338 BC | 358 BC | 338 BC | Son of Artaxerxes II | Killed | |
Artaxerxes IV | Arses | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | ?–336 BC | 338 BC | 336 BC | Son of Artaxerxes III | Killed | |
Darius III | Artashata | The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt | 380–330 BC | 336 BC | 330 BC | Son of Artaxerxes IV | Killed by Artaxerxes V | |
Artaxerxes V | Bessus | The Great King, King of Kings | ?–329 BC | 330 BC | 329 BC | Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II | Killed by Alexander III | |
Argead (Macedonian) dynasty (330–309 BC)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC) | ||||||||
Alexander the Great | King | 356 – 13 June 323 BC | 330 BC | 323 BC | Son of Philip II of Macedonia | King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III | ||
Philip III | Arrhidaeus | King | c. 359 – 317 BC | June 323 BC | 317 BC | Son of Philip II of Macedonia | Killed by Olympias | |
Alexander IV | King | Sept. 323 – 309 BC | Sept. 323 BC | 309 BC | Son of Alexander III | King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater | ||
Perdiccas | Regent | ?–321 BC | June 323 BC | 321 BC | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis | |||
Antipater | Regent | 398?–319 BC | 321 BC | 319 BC | Son of Iollas | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III | ||
Polyperchon | Regent | 394–303 BC | 319 BC | 316 BC | Son of Simmias | Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia. | ||
Cassander | Regent | c.350-297 | 316 BC | 309 BC | Son of Antipater | Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia. |
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC) | ||||||||
Seleucus I Nicator | King | c. 358–281 BC | 311 BC | 281 BC | Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus | Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC. | ||
Antiochus I Soter | King | ?–261 BC | 281 BC | 261 BC | Son of Seleucus I | Co-ruler from 291 | ||
Antiochus II Theos | King | 286–246 BC | 261 BC | 246 BC | Son of Antiochus I | |||
Seleucus II Callinicus | King | ?–225 BC | 246 BC | 225 BC | Son of Antiochus II | |||
Seleucus III Ceraunus | Alexander | King | c. 243–223 BC | 225 BC | 223 BC | Son of Seleucus II | ||
Antiochus III the Great | Great King | c. 241–187 BC | 223 BC | 187 BC | Son of Seleucus II | |||
Seleucus IV Philopator | King | ?–175 BC | 187 BC | 175 BC | Son of Antiochus III | |||
Antiochus IV Epiphanes | King | c. 215–163 BC | 175 BC | 163 BC | Son of Antiochus III | Killed in Elymais | ||
Antiochus V Eupator | King | c. 172–161 BC | 163 BC | 161 BC | Son of Antiochus IV | |||
Demetrius I Soter | King | 185–150 BC | 161 BC | 150 BC | Son of Seleucus IV | |||
Alexander Balas | King | ?–146 BC | 150 BC | 146 BC | Purported son of Antiochus IV | |||
Demetrius II Nicator | King | ?–139 BC | 146 BC | 139 BC | Son of Demetrius I | Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I | ||
Antiochus VI Dionysus | King | 148–138 BC | 145 BC | 142 BC | Son of Alexander III. | In competition with Demetrius II. | ||
Antiochus VII Sidetes | King | ?–129 BC | 139 BC | 129 BC | Son of Demetrius I | Killed in battle with Phraates II | ||
Parthian or Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – AD 228)
The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC. For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD) | |||||||||
Arsaces I | Tiridates I or Arsaces | King, Karen, Autocrator | ?–211 BC | 247 BC | 211 BC | A descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II | |||
Arsaces II | Arsaces | ?–185 BC | 211 BC | 185 BC[4] | Son of Arsaces I | ||||
Arsaces III | Phriapatius | ?–170 BC | 185 BC | 170 BC[4] | Grandson of Tiridates I | ||||
Arsaces IV | Phraates I | ?–167 BC | 170 BC | 167 BC[5] | Son of Phriapatius | ||||
Arsaces V | Mithridates I | The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene | ?–132 BC | 167 BC[5] | 132 BC[6] | Son of Phriapatius | |||
Arsaces VI | Phraates II | The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros | ?–127 BC | 132 BC | 127 BC[6] | Son of Mithridates I | Killed in battle with Scythians | ||
Arsaces VII | Artabanus I | King | ?–126 BC | 127 BC | 126 BC[6] | Son of Phriapatius | Killed in battle with Tocharians | ||
Arsaces VIII | Vologases (I)[6] | The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes | ?–122 BC | 126 BC | 122 BC[6] | Son of Phriapatius | He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia | ||
Arsaces IX | Artabanus (II)[6] | The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–121 BC | 122 BC | 121 BC | Son of Artabanus I | Killed in battle with Medians | ||
Arsaces X | Mithridates II | The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter | ?–91 BC | 121 BC[7] | 91 BC | Son of Artabanus I | |||
Arsaces XI | Gotarzes I | The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator | ?–87 BC | 91 BC | 87 BC | Son of Mithridates II | |||
Arsaces XII | Artabanus (III)[5] | The Great King, Theopator, Nicator | ?–77? BC | 91 BC | 77? BC | Son of Vologases (I) | |||
Arsaces XIII | Mithridates (III)[6] | The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes | ?–67 BC | 88 BC | 67 BC | Son of Mithridates II | |||
Arsaces XIV | Orodes I | The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–75 BC | 80 BC | 75 BC | Son of Mithridates II | |||
Arsaces XV | Sanatruces I | The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | 157–70 BC | 77 BC | 70 BC | Son of Vologases (I)[5] | |||
Arsaces XVI[5] | ? | The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes | ?–66 BC | 77 BC | 66 BC | ? | The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known. | ||
Arsaces XVII | Phraates III | The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–57 BC | 70 BC | 57 BC | Son of Sanatruces I | Killed by Orodes II | ||
Arsaces XVIII[5] | ? | The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–63 BC | 66 BC | 63 BC | Son of Arsaces XVI | The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known. | ||
Arsaces XIX | Mithridates III (or IV) | The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene | ?–54 BC | 65 BC[5] | 54 BC | Son of Phraates III | Killed by Orodes II | ||
Arsaces XX | Orodes II | King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes | ?–38 BC | 57 BC | 38 BC | Son of Phraates III | Killed by Phraates IV | ||
Arsaces XXI | Pacorus I | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–38 BC | 50 BC | 38 BC | Son of Orodes II | Killed in battle with Romans | ||
Arsaces XXII | Phraates IV | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–2 BC | 38 | 2 BC | Son of Orodes II | Killed by Musa | ||
Arsaces XXIII | Tiridates II | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos | ?–after 23 BC | 30 BC | 25 BC | Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) | Deposed and went to Rome | ||
Arsaces XXIV | Mithridates (V)[8] | ? | ?–? BC | 12 BC | 9 BC | Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) | |||
Musa | Musa | Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania | ?–4? AD | 2 BC | 4 AD | Queen of Phraates IV | |||
Arsaces XXV | Phraates V | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–4 AD | 2 BC | 4 AD | Son of Phraates IV & Musa | Deposed and went to Rome | ||
Arsaces XXVI | Orodes III | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–6 | 4 | 6 | Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) | Killed by Parthian aristocrats | ||
Arsaces XXVII | Vonones I | The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus | ?–19 | 8 | 12 | Son of Phraates IV | Deposed and went to Rome. Later, He was killed by Romans. | ||
Arsaces XXVIII | Artabanus III | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–40 | 10 | 40 | Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) | |||
Arsaces XXIX | Tiridates III | ? | ?–? | 35 | 36 | Probably a descendant of Tiridates II | Deposed and went to Rome | ||
Arsaces XXX | Cinnamus | ? | ?–? | 37 | 37 | Son of Artabanus III | Abdicated | ||
Arsaces XXXI | Gotarzes II | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | 11–51 | 40 – | 51 | Son of Artabanus III | |||
Arsaces XXXII | Vardanes I | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–46 | 40 | 46 | Son of Artabanus III | Killed by Gotarzes II | ||
Arsaces XXXIII | Vonones II | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–51 | c. 45 | 51 | ||||
Arsaces XXXIV | Mithridates (VI)[9] | ? | ?–? | 49 | 50 | Son of Vonones II | Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II | ||
Arsaces XXXV | Vologases I (or II) | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord | ?–77 | 51 | 77 | Son of Vonones II | |||
Arsaces XXXVI | Vardanes II | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–? | 55 | 58 | Son of Vologases I (or II) | Deposed | ||
Arsaces XXXVII | Vologases II (or III) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–? | 77 | 89/90 | Probably son of Vologases I | |||
Arsaces XXXVIII | Pacorus II | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–115 | 77 | 115 | Son of Vonones II | |||
Arsaces XXXIX | Artabanus IV | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–? | 80 | 81 | Probably son of Artabanus III | |||
Arsaces XL | Osroes I | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–130 | 89/90 | 130 | Probably son of Vologases II (or III) | |||
Arsaces XLI | Vologases III (or IV) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–148 | 105 | 148 | ? | |||
Arsaces XLII | Mithridates IV (or VII) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–c. 145 | 115 | c. 145 | Brother of Osroes I | Killed in battle with Romans | ||
Arsaces XLIII | Parthamaspates | King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–after 123 | 116 | 117 | Son of Osroes I | Deposed and went to Rome | ||
Arsaces XLIV[10] | Sanatruces II | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–c. 145 | c. 145 | c. 145 | son of Mithridates IV (or VII) | Killed in battle with Romans | ||
Arsaces XLV | Vologases IV (or V) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–191 | 148 | 191 | Son of Mithridates IV (or VII) | |||
Arsaces XLVI | Vologases V (or VI) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–208 | 191 | 208 | Son of Vologases IV (or V) | |||
Arsaces XLVII | Osroes II | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–? | c. 190 | c. 195 | Probably son of Vologases IV (or V) | |||
Arsaces XLVIII | Vologases VI (or VII) | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | 181–228 | 208 | 228 | Son of Vologases V (or VI) | Killed by Ardashir I | ||
Arsaces XLIX | Artabanus V | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–226 | 213 | 226 | Son of Vologases V (or VI) | Killed by Ardashir I | ||
Arsaces L | Tiridates IV[11] | King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene | ?–? | 217 | 222 | Son of Vologases IV (or V) | He was also king of Armenia | ||
Sasanian dynasty (224–651)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Sasan | ||||||||
Ardashir I | Shahanshah[12] | 180 – February 242 | 28 April 224 | February 242 | Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan | |||
Shapur I | Shahanshah | 215 – May 270 | 12 April 240 | May 270 | Son of Ardashir I | |||
Hormizd I | Hormozd-Ardashir | Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[13] | ?–June 271 | May 270 | June 271 | Son of Shapur I | ||
Bahram I | Shahanshah, Gilanshah | ?–September 274 | June 271 | September 274 | Son of Shapur I | |||
Bahram II | Shahanshah | ?–293 | September 274 | 293 | Son of Bahram I | |||
Bahram III | Shahanshah, Sakanshah | ?–293 | 293 | 293 | Son of Bahram II | Deposed | ||
Narseh I | Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah | ?–302 | 293 | 302 | Son of Shapur I | |||
Hormizd II | Shahanshah | ?–309 | 302 | 309 | Son of Narseh I | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Adhur Narseh | Shahanshah | ?–309 | 309 | 309 | Son of Hormizd II | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Shapur II | Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[14] | 309 – 379 | 309 | 379 | Son of Hormizd II | |||
Ardashir II | Shahanshah | ?–383 | 379 | 383 | Son of Shapur II | |||
Shapur III | Shahanshah | ?–Dec. 388 | 383 | Dec. 388 | Son of Shapur II | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Bahram IV | Shahanshah, Kirmanshah | ?–399 | Dec. 388 | 399 | Son of Shapur II | |||
Yazdegerd I | Shahanshah | 363 – 21 January 420 | 399 | 21 January 420 | Son of Shapur III | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Bahram V | Shahanshah | 406 – 20 June 438 | 21 January 420 | 20 June 438 | Son of Yazdegerd I | |||
Yazdegerd II | Shahanshah | ?–15 December 457 | 20 June 438 | 15 December 457 | Son of Bahram V | |||
Hormizd III | Shahanshah | 399–459 | 457 | 459 | Son of Yazdegerd II | Killed by Peroz I | ||
Peroz I | Shahanshah | 459 –Jan. 484 | 457 | Jan. 484 | Son of Yazdegerd II | Killed in battle with Hephthalites | ||
Balash | Shahanshah | ?–488 | Feb. 484 | 488 | Son of Yazdegerd II | |||
Kavadh I | Shahanshah | 449 – 13 September 531 | 488 | 496 | Son of Peroz I | Deposed | ||
Djamasp | Shahanshah | ?–502 | 496 | 498 | Son of Peroz I | Deposed | ||
Kavadh I | Shahanshah | 449 – 13 September 531 | 498 | 13 September 531 | Son of Peroz I | |||
Khosrau I | Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just | 500 – 31 January 579 | 13 September 531 | 31 January 579 | Son of Kavadh I | |||
Hormizd IV | Shahanshah | 540 – 5 September 590 | 31 January 579 | 5 September 590 | Son of Khosrau I | Killed by Vistahm | ||
Khosrau II | Shahanshah, Aparviz | 570 – February 28, 628 | Sept. 590 | Sept. 590 | Son of Hormizd IV | Deposed and went to Byzantine territory | ||
House of Mihran | ||||||||
Bahram VI | Mehrbandak | Shahanshah, Chubineh | ?–591 | Sept. 590 | Jan. 591 | Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran | Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II | |
House of Sasan | ||||||||
Khosrau II | Shahanshah, Aparviz | 570 – February 28, 628 | Jan. 591 | 25 February 628 | Son of Hormizd IV | Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II | ||
House of Ispahbudhan | ||||||||
Vistahm | Shahanshah | ?–596 or 600 | 591 | 596 or 600 | Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI | Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk | ||
House of Sasan | ||||||||
Kavadh II | Shiruyah | Shahanshah | ?–15 September 628 | 25 February 628 | 15 September 628 | Son of Khosrau II | Died from plague | |
Ardashir III | Shahanshah | 621 – 27 April 629 | 15 September 628 | 27 April 629 | Son of Kavadh II | Killed by Shahrbaraz | ||
House of Mihran | ||||||||
Shahrbaraz | Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz | ?–17 June 629 | 27 April 629 | 17 June 629 | Sasanian general from the House of Mihran | Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht | ||
House of Sasan | ||||||||
Khosrau III | Shahanshah | ?–630 | 630 | 630 | Nephew of Khosrau II | Killed after a few days reign | ||
Borandukht (First reign) | Shahbanu[15] | 590 – 632 | 17 June 629 | 16 June 630 | Daughter of Khosrau II | Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz | ||
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz | Shahanshah | ?–? | 630 | 630 | Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II | Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht | ||
Peroz II | Gushnasp-Bandeh | Shahanshah | ?–630 | 630 | 630 | Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I. | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | |
Azarmidokht | Shahbanu | ?–631 | 630 | 631 | Daughter of Khosrau II | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Khosrau IV | Khurrazadh | Shahanshah | ?–631 | 631 | 631 | Son of Khosrau II | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | |
House of Ispahbudhan | ||||||||
Farrokh Hormizd | Shahanshah | ?–631 | 630 | 631 | Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm | Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht | ||
House of Sasan | ||||||||
Hormizd VI | Shahanshah | ?–631 | 630 | 631 | Grandson of Khosrau II | Killed by Iranian aristocrats | ||
Borandukht (Second reign) | Shahbanu[15] | 590 – 632 | 631 | 632 | Daughter of Khosrau II | Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow | ||
Yazdegerd III | Shahanshah | 624 – 651 | 16 June 632 | 651 | Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II | Killed by a miller | ||
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760) | ||||||||
Gil Gavbara | Ispahbadh | ?–660 | 642 | 660 | Son of Piruz | |||
Dabuya | Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | ?–676 | 660 | 676 | Son of Gil Gavbara | |||
Farrukhan I the Great | Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | ?–728 | 712 | 728 | Son of Dabuya | |||
Dadhburzmihr | Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | ?–740/741 | 728 | 740/741 | Son of Farrukhan the Great | |||
Farrukhan II the Little | Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | ?–747/48 | 740/741 | 747/48 | Son of Farrukhan the Great | Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan | ||
Khurshid of Tabaristan | Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah | 734 – 761 | 740/741 | 760 | Son of Dadhburzmihr | Committed suicide | ||
beginning of Muslim conquest of Persia
Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Kunya | Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661) | ||||||||
Abu Hafs | Umar ibn Al-Khattab | Al-Faruq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 583–644 | 642 | 644 | Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl. | Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Piruz Nahavandi | |
Abu Amr | Uthman ibn Affan | Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 579–656 | 644 | 656 | Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan. | Killed by Kharijites | |
Abul-Hasan | Ali Ibn Abi Talib | Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam | 598–661 | 656 | 661 | Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad. | Killed by Kharijites | |
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Kunya | Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Umayyad Clan (661–750) | ||||||||
Abu Abdullah | Muawiyah I | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 661 | 680 | Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad | |||
Abu Khalid | Yazid I | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 680 | 683 | Son of Muawiyah I | |||
Abu Abd ur-Rahman | Muawiyah II | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 683 | 684 | Son of Yazid I | Abdicated (?) | ||
Abu Abd al-Malik | Marwan I | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 684 | 685 | Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I | Killed by his wife | ||
Abu'l-Walid | Abd al-Malik | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 685 | 705 | Son of Marwan I | |||
Abu'l-Abbas | Al-Walid I | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 705 | 715 | Son of Abd al-Malik | |||
Abu Ayyub | Sulayman | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 715 | 717 | Son of Abd al-Malik | |||
Abu Hafṣ | Umar II | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 717 | 720 | Son of Abd al-Aziz son of Marwan I | |||
Abu Khalid | Yazid II | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 720 | 724 | Son of Abd al-Malik | |||
Abu'l-Walid | Hisham | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 724 | 743 | Son of Abd al-Malik | |||
Abu'l-Abbas | Al-Walid II | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 743 | 744 | Son of Yazid II | |||
Abu Khalid | Yazid III | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 744 | 744 | Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III | Killed | ||
Abu Ishaq | Ibrahim | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 744 | 744 | Son of Al-Walid I | Killed | ||
Abu Abd al-Malik | Marwan II | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 744 | 750 | Son of Muhammad son of Marwan I | Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah | ||
Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)
Throne name | Original name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbasid Clan (750-946) | ||||||||
As-Saffah | Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 721-754 | 750 | 754 | Son of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah who was Muhammad's paternal uncle | ||
Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far Abdullah | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 714-775 | 754 | 775 | Brother of As-Saffah | ||
Al-Mahdi | Abu Abdullah Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 744/5-785 | 775 | 785 | Son of Al-Mansur | ||
Al-Hadi | Abu Mohammad Musa | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 764-786 | 785 | 786 | Son of Al-Mahdi | ||
Ar-Rashid | Abu Ja'far Harun | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 763/766-809 | 786 | 809 | Son of Al-Mahdi | ||
Al-Amin | Abu Abdullah Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 787-813 | 809 | 813 | Son of Harun al-Rashid | Killed by Al-Ma'mun | |
Al-Ma'mun | Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 786-833 | 813 | 833 | Son of Harun al-Rashid | ||
Al-Mu'tasim | Abu Ishaq Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 795-842 | 833 | 842 | Son of Harun al-Rashid | ||
Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 816-847 | 842 | 847 | Son of Al-Mu'tasim | ||
Al-Mutawakkil | Abu'l-Fazl Ja'far | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 821-861 | 847 | 861 | Son of Al-Mu'tasim | Killed by Al-Muntasir | |
Al-Muntasir | Abu Ja'far Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 837-862 | 861 | 862 | Son of Al-Mutawakkil | ||
Al-Musta'in | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 836-866 | 862 | 866 | Son of Muhammad son of Al-Mu'tasim | Deposed and later killed | |
Al-Mu'tazz | Abu Abdullah Zubayr | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 847-869 | 866 | 869 | Son of Al-Mutawakkil | Deposed and later killed | |
Al-Muhtadi | Abu Ishaq Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | ??-870 | 869 | 870 | Son of Al-Wathiq | ||
Al-Mu'tamid | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 844-892 | 870 | 892 | Son of Al-Mutawakkil | ||
Al-Mu'tadid | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 854/861-902 | 892 | 902 | Son of Talha al-Muwaffaq son of Al-Mutawakkil | ||
Al-Muktafi | Abu Mohammad Ali | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 877/8-908 | 902 | 908 | Son of Al-Mu'tadid | ||
Al-Muqtadir (First reign) |
Abul-Fazl Ja'far | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 895-932 | 908 | 929 | Son of Al-Mu'tadid | Briefly deposed. | |
Al-Qahir (First reign) |
Abu Mansur Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 899-950 | 929 | 929 | Son of Al-Mu'tadid | Forced to resign the throne in the face of public protest | |
Al-Muqtadir (Second reign) |
Abul-Fazl Ja'far | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 895-932 | 929 | 932 | Son of Al-Mu'tadid | ||
Al-Qahir (Second reign) |
Abu Mansur Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 932 | 934 | Son of Al-Mu'tadid | Deposed and blinded | ||
Abu'l-Abbas Ar-Radi | Muhammad | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 907-940 | 934 | 940 | Son of Al-Muqtadir | De facto power in the hands of Ibn Ra'iq 936-938 | |
Al-Muttaqi | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 908-968 | 940 | 944 | Son of Al-Muqtadir | De facto power in the hands of Bajkam 940-941, Ibn Ra'iq 941-942, Nasir al-Dawla 942-943 & Tuzun 943-944, who deposed and blinded him. | |
Al-Mustakfi | Abu'l-Qasim Abdullah | Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin | 905-949 | 944 | 946 | Son of Al-Muktafi | De facto power in the hands of Tuzun 944-945 & Abu Jafar 945-946. Deposed and blinded by Mu'izz al-Dawla | |
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Born-Died | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samanid dynasty, 819–1005 | |||||||||
1 | Ahmad I | ?–864/5 | 819 | 864/5 | |||||
2 | Nasr I | ?–892 | 864/5 | 892 | |||||
3 | Isma'il I | Adel | ?–907 | 892 | 907 | ||||
4 | Ahmad II | Shaheed | ?–914 | 907 | 914 | ||||
5 | Nasr II | Saeed | ?–943 | 914 | 942 | ||||
6 | Nuh I | Hamid | ?–954 | 942 | 954 | ||||
7 | 'Abd al-Malik I | Rashid | ?–? | 954 | 961 | ||||
8 | Mansur I | Mo'ayyed | ?–976 | 961 | 976 | ||||
9 | Nuh II | Radhi | ? –997 | 976 | 996 | ||||
10 | Mansur II | Abol Hareth | ?–999 | 996 | 999 | ||||
11 | 'Abd al-Malik II | Abol Favares | ?–? | 999 | 999 | ||||
12 | Isma'il II | Montaser | ?–1005 | 1000 | 1005 | ||||
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Kunya | Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saffarid Dynasty (861–1003) | ||||||||
Ya'qub as-Saffar | Emir | 840 – 879 | 861 | 879 | Son of al-Layth | Died of sickness | ||
Amr | Emir | ?–902 | 879 | 901 | Son of al-Layth | Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad | ||
Abu'l-Hasan | Tahir | Emir | ?–? | 901 | 908 | Son of Muhammad, son of Amr | Imprisoned in Baghdad | |
Al-Layth | Emir | ?–928 | 909 | 910 | Son of Ali, son of al-Layth | Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928 | ||
Muhammad | Emir | ?–? | 910 | 911 | Son of Ali, son of al-Layth | Imprisoned in Baghdad | ||
Abu Hafs | Amr | Emir | 902 – ? | 912 | 913 | Son of Ya'qub | Overthrown by the Samanids | |
Abu Ja'far | Ahmad | Emir | June 21, 906 – March 31, 963 | 923 | 963 | Son of Muhammad, son of Amr | Killed by Abu’l-‘Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman | |
Abu Ahmad | Khalaf | Emir | November 937 – March 1009 | 963 | 1003 | Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad | Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, dies as exile in 1009 | |
Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Throne name | Original name | Portrait | Title | Born-Died | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ghurid dynasty (879-1215) | ||||||||
Amir Suri | Malik | ?-? | ? | ? | Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[16] | was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty | ||
Muhammad ibn Suri | Malik | ?-1011 | ? | 1011 | Son of Amir Suri | Poisoned himself | ||
Abu Ali ibn Muhammad | Malik | ?-1035 | 1011 | 1035 | Son of Muhammad ibn Suri | Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith | ||
Abbas ibn Shith | Malik | ?-1060 | 1035 | 1060 | Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas | |||
Muhammad ibn Abbas | Malik | ?-1080 | 1060 | 1080 | Son of Abbas ibn Shith | |||
Qutb al-din Hasan | Malik | ?-1100 | 1080 | 1100 | Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas | |||
Izz al-Din Husayn | Malik | ?-1146 | 1100 | 1146 | Son of Qutb al-din Hasan | |||
Sayf al-Din Suri | Malik | ?-1149 | 1146 | 1149 | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | |||
Baha al-Din Sam I | Malik | ?-1149 | 1149 | 1149 | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | |||
Ala al-Din Husayn | Malik | ?-1161 | 1149 | 1161 | Son of Izz al-Din Husayn | |||
Sayf al-Din Muhammad | Malik | ?-1163 | 1161 | 1163 | Son of Ala al-Din Husayn | |||
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad | Sultan | 1139-1202 | 1163 | 1202 | Son of Baha al-Din Sam I | |||
Mu'izz al-Din | Sultan | 1149-1206 | 1173 | 1206 | Son of Baha al-Din Sam I | |||
Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud | Sultan | ?-1212 | 1206 | 1212 | Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad | |||
Baha al-Din Sam III | Sultan | ?-1213 | 1212 | 1213 | Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud | |||
Ala al-Din Atsiz | Sultan | 1159-1214 | 1213 | 1214 | Son of Ala al-Din Husayn | |||
Ala al-Din Ali | Sultan | ?-1215 | 1214 | 1215 | Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad |
Buyid Clan and their dynasty (934–1062)
The Buyid Empire was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buyids of Fars (933–1062) | ||||||||
Imad al-Dawla | Abu'l-Hasan Ali | Emir, Amir al-umara | 891 – 949 | 934 | 949 | Son of Buya | Also Senior Buyid Emir (934-949) | |
Adud al-Dawla | Fanna Khusraw | Emir, Shahanshah | 936–983 | 949 | 983 | Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla | Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) and Emir of Iraq (978-983) | |
Sharaf al-Dawla | Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil | Emir, Amir al-umara | 962–989 | 983 | 989 | Son of Adud al-Dawla | Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987-989) | |
Samsam al-Dawla | Abu Kalijar Marzuban | Emir, King | 964–998 | 989 | 998 | son of Adud al-Dawla | Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) | |
Baha' al-Dawla | Abu Nasr Firuz | Emir, King, Shahanshah | 971–1012 | 998 | 1012 | Son of Adud al-Dawla | Also Emir of Iraq (988-1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) | |
Sultan al-Dawla | Abu Shuja | Emir | 992–1024 | 1012 | 1024 | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) | |
Abu Kalijar | Marzuban | Emir, Shahanshah | ?1011 – 1048 | 1024 | 1048 | Son of Sultan al-Dawla | Also Emir of Kerman (1028-1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044-1048) | |
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun | Emir | ?–1062 | 1048 | 1054 | Son of Abu Kalijar | Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah | ||
Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah | Emir | ?–? | 1051 | 1054 | Son of Abu Kalijar | Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun | ||
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun | Emir | ?–1062 | 1054 | 1062 | Son of Abu Kalijar | Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya | ||
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038) | ||||||||
Rukn al-Dawla | Abu Ali Hasan | Emir, Amir al-umara | 898–976 | 935 | 976 | Son of Buya | Also Senior Buyid Emir (949-976) | |
Fakhr al-Dawla (First reign) |
Abu'l-Hasan Ali | Emir | 952–997 | 976 | 980 | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | ||
Mu'ayyad al-Dawla | Abu Mansur | Emir | 941–983 | 976 | 983 | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983) | |
Fakhr al-Dawla (Second reign) |
Abu'l-Hasan Ali | Emir, King, Shahanshah | 983–997 | 976 | 997 | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984-997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991-997) | |
Majd al-Dawla | Abu Taleb Rostam | Emir | 993–1029 | 997 | 1029 | Son of Fakhr al-Dawla | Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir | |
Shams al-Dawla | Abu Taher | Emir | ?–1021 | 997 | 1021 | Son of Fakhr al-Dawla | Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir | |
Sama' al-Dawla | Abu'l-Hasan Ali | Emir | ?–1023 | 1021 | 1023 | Son of Shams al-Dawla | Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids | |
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055) | ||||||||
Mu'izz al-Dawla | Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad | Emir, Amir al-umara | 915–966 | 945 | 966 | Son of Buya | ||
Izz al-Dawla | Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar | Emir, Amir al-umara | 943–979 | 966 | 979 | Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla | Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976-978) | |
Adud al-Dawla | Fanna Khusraw | Emir, Shahanshah | 937–983 | 977 | 983 | Son of Rukn al-Dawla | Also Emir of Fars (949-983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) | |
Samsam al-Dawla | Abu Kalijar Marzban | Emir, King | 964–998 | 983 | 987 | Son of Adud al-Dawla | Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989-998) | |
Sharaf al-Dawla | Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil | Emir, Amir al-umara | 962–989 | 987 | 989 | Son of Adud al-Dawla | Also Emir of Fars (983-989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987-989) | |
Baha' al-Dawla | Abu Nasr Firuz | Emir | 970–1012 | 989 | 1012 | Son of Adud al-Dawla | Also Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) and Emir of Fars (999-1012) | |
Sultan al-Dawla | Abu Shuja | Emir | 992–1024 | 1012 | 1021 | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) and Emir of Fars (1012-1024) | |
Musharrif al-Dawla | Abu 'Ali | Emir, Shahanshah, King | 1002–1025 | 1021 | 1025 | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024-1025) | |
Jalal al-Dawla | Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla | Emir | 994–1043 | 1027 | 1043 | Son of Baha' al-Dawla | ||
Abu Kalijar | Marzuban | Emir, Shahanshah | ?1011 – 1048 | 1043 | 1048 | Son of Sultan al-Dawla | Also Emir of Fars (1024-1048), Emir of Kerman (1028-1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) | |
Al-Malik al-Rahim | Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz | Emir | ?–1058 | 1048 | 1055 | Son of Abu Kalijar | Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051-1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs | |
Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Born-Died | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ziyarid dynasty, 928–1043 AD | |||||||||
1 | Mardavij | Abolhajjaj, Emir | ?–934 | 928 | 934 | son of Ziyar | |||
2 | Voshmgir | Abutaher | ?–967 | 934 | 967 | son of Ziyar | |||
3 | Bisotoon | Zahir od-Dowleh | ?–976 | 967– | 976 | son of Voshmgir | |||
4 | Qabus | Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan | 976 | 1012 | son of Voshmgir | ||||
5 | Manuchehr | Falak ol-Ma'ali | 1012 | 1031 | son of Qabus | ||||
6 | Anushiravan | Sharaf ol-Ma'ali | 1031 | 1043 | son of Manuchehr | ||||
7 | Keykavous | Onsor ol-Ma'ali | son of Eskandar son of Qabus | ||||||
8 | Gilanshah | son of Keykavous | |||||||
Great Seljuqs and their Empire (1029–1194)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Seljuq (1029–1191) | ||||||||
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Toğrül I Abu Talib Mohammad | Beg, Sultan | 995–1063 | 1029 | 1063 | Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq | ||
ʿAdud ad-Dawla | Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad | Sultan | 1039–1072 | 1063 | 1072 | Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I | ||
Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan | Sultan | 1055–1092 | 1072 | 1092 | Son of Alp Arslan | Killed by Assassins | |
Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I | Sultan | 1086–1094 | 1092 | 1094 | Son of Malik Shah I | ||
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq | Sultan | 1080–1105 | 1094 | 1105 | Son of Malik Shah I | ||
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar | Sultan | 1082–1118 | 1105 | 1118 | Son of Malik Shah I | ||
Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Mahmud II | Sultan | 1104–1131 | 1118 | 1131 | Son of Muhammad I | Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him. | |
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Talib Toghrul II | Sultan | 1109–1134 | 1132 | 1134 | Son of Muhammad I | Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar | |
As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn | Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar | Sultan | 1087–1157 | 1097 | 1157 | Son of Malik Shah I | Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq. | |
Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din | Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud | Sultan | 1109–1152 | 1134 | 1152 | Son of Muhammad I | Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him. | |
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign) |
Malik Shah II | Sultan | 1128–1160 | 1152 | 1153 | Son of Mahmud II | Deposed by Khass Bey | |
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Abu Shuja Muhammad II | Sultan | 1128–1160 | 1153 | 1160 | Son of Mahmud II | Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153-1155) | |
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign) |
Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah | Sultan | 1118–1162 | 1153 | 1155 | Son of Muhammad I | Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II | |
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign) |
Malik Shah II | Sultan | 1128–1160 | 1160 | 1160 | Son of Mahmud II | Deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days. | |
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign) |
Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah | Sultan | 1118–1162 | 1160 | 1161 | Son of Muhammad I | Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials | |
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din | Arslan | Sultan | 1134–1176 | 1161 | 1176 | Son of Toghrul II | De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160-1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174-1176) | |
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (First reign) |
Abu Talib Toghrul III | Sultan | ?–1194 | 1176 | 1194 | Son of Arslan | De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176-1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186-1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191. | |
Sanjar II | Sultan | 1189 | 1191 | Son of Sulayman Shah | De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189-1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191. | |||
Eldiguzids (1191) | ||||||||
Qizil Arslan | Sultan | ?–1191 | 1191 | 1191 | Son of Ildeniz | Held de facto power (1186-1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation. | ||
House of Seljuq (1191–1194) | ||||||||
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din (Second reign) |
Abu Talib Toghrul III | Sultan | ?–1194 | 1176 | 1194 | Son of Arslan | Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish | |
Khwarezmid dynasty (1153–1231)
An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khwarezmid Empire (1153–1231) | ||||||||
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Atsiz | Sultan | 1097/1105–1156 | 1153 | 1156 | son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm | Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127 | |
Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath | Il-Arslan | Sultan | ?–1171 | 1156 | 1172 | son of Atsiz | ||
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Tekish | Sultan | ?–1200 | 1172 | 1200 | son of Il-Arslan | With opposition from Sultan shah | |
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath | Muhammad Sanjar | Shah | ?–1220 | 1200 | 1220 | son of Tekish | Eliminated by the Mongols | |
Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar | Mingburnu | Jalal od-Din, Sultan | ?–1231 | 1220 | 1231 | son of Muhammad | Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors | |
Mongol Empire and Ilkhanate (1230–1357)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Khans (1221–1256) | ||||||||
Genghis | Temujin | Khan | 1162–1227 | 1221 | 1227 | Son of Yesugei Baghatur | Ruling in Mongolia from 1206 | |
Tolui | Khan | 1192–1232 | 25 August 1227 | 13 September 1229 | Son of Genghis | Regent | ||
Ögedei | Khan | c. 1186 – 11 December 1241 | 13 September 1229 | 11 December 1241 | Son of Genghis | |||
Töregene | Khatun | ?–? | 1242 | 1246 | Wife of Ögedei | Regent | ||
Güyük | Khan | c. 1206–1248 | 1246 | 1248 | Son of Ögedei and Töregene | |||
Oghul Qaimish | Khatun | ?–1251 | 1248 | 1251 | Wife of Güyük | Regent | ||
Möngke | Khan | 10 January 1209 – 11 August 1259 | 1 July 1251 | 11 August 1259 | Son of Tolui | |||
Ilkhanate (1256–1357) | ||||||||
Hulagu | Khan, Ilkhan | c. 1217 – 8 February 1265 | 1256 | 8 February 1265 | Son of Tolui | |||
Abaqa | Khan, Ilkhan | 1234–1282 | 1265 | 1 April 1282 | Son of Hulagu | |||
Ahmad | Nicholas Tekuder | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1284 | 1282 | 1284 | Son of Hulagu | Killed by Arghun | |
Arghun | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | c. 1258 – 7 March 1291 | 1284 | 7 March 1291 | Son of Abaqa | |||
Gaykhatu | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1295 | 1291 | 1295 | Son of Abaqa | Killed by general Taghachar | ||
Baydu | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1295 | 1295 | 1295 | Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu | Executed by Ghazan | ||
Mahmud | Ghazan | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | 5 November 1271– 11 May 1304 | 1295 | 1304 | Son of Arghun | ||
Muhammad Khodabandeh | Öljaitü | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, | 1280 – 16 December 1316 | 1304 | 16 December 1316 | Son of Arghun | ||
Abu Sa'id | Ala' ad-Din Bahadur | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | 2 June 1305 – 1 December 1335 | 1316 | 1 December 1335 | Son of Öljaitü | ||
Arpa Ke'un | Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1336 | 1335 | 10 April 1336 | Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui | Killed in battle by Ali Padshah | |
Nasir ad-Din | Musa | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1337 | 12 April 1336 | 1337 | Son of Ali son of Baydu | Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg | |
Togha Temür | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–1353 | 1335 | 1353 | Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur | In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi | ||
Muzaffar ad-Din | Muhammad | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, | ?–1338 | 1336 | 1338 | Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu | Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek | |
Sati beg | Khatun | c. 1300 – after 1345 | 1338 | 1339 | Daughter of Öljaitü | Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her. | ||
Izz ad-Din | Jahan Temür | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, | ?–? | 1339 | 1340 | Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu | Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür. | |
Suleiman | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–? | May 1339 | 1345 | Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu | Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death. | ||
Anushirwan | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–? | 1344 | 1356 | ? | Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf | ||
Luqman | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–? | 1353 | 1388 | Son of Togha Temür | Puppet of Timur | ||
Ghazan II | Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan | ?–? | 1356 | 1357 | ? | Puppet of Malek Ashraf | ||
Rival dynasties (1332–1501)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
Sarbadars (1332–1386)
Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sarbadars (1332 - 1386) | |||||||
Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah | Amir | ??-1338 | 1337 | 1338 | Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother | ||
Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah | Amir | ??-1344 | 1338 | 1344 | brother of Abd al-Razzaq | Captured by the Paduspanids and executed. | |
Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346) | Amir | ??-1346 | 1344 | 1346 | Unrelated to predecessors | Overthrown and executed | |
Kulu Isfendiyar | Amir | ??-c. 1347 | 1346 | c. 1347 | Unrelated to predecessors | ||
Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah | Amir | ??-?? | c. 1347 | 1347 | brother of Abd al-Razzaq | Forced to abdicate by successor | |
Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali | Amir | ??-1351/1352 | 1347 | 1351/1352 | Unrelated to predecessors | Assassinated by a disgruntled official | |
Yahya Karawi | Amir | ??-1355/1356 | 1351/1352 | 1355/1356 | Unrelated to predecessors | Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated. | |
Zahir al-Din Karawi | Amir | ??-1355/1356 | 1355/1356 | 1355/1356 | Nephew of Yahya Karawi | Deposed by vizier | |
Haidar Qassab | Amir | ??-1356 | 1355/1356 | 1356 | Unrelated to predecessors | Assassinated by a Turkish slave | |
Lutf Allah | Amir | ??-1357/1358 or 1361 | 1356 | 1357/1358 or 1361 | Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud | Deposed and executed by his vizier | |
Hasan al-Damghani | Amir | ??-1361/1362 | 1357/1358 or 1361 | 1361/1362 | Unrelated to predecessors | Overthrown by Dervish rebels | |
Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud | Amir | ??-?? | 1361/1362 | 1376/1377 | Unrelated to predecessors | ||
Rukn ad-Din | Amir | 1376/1377 | 1376/1377 | Unrelated to predecessors | Installed by Dervish rebels. | ||
Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud | Amir | ??-?? | 1376/1377 | 1381 | Unrelated to predecessors | Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381 | |
Chupanids (1335–1357)
Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chupanids (1335–1357) | |||||||
Hassan Kuchak | Amir | c. 1319–December 15, 1343 | July 16, 1338 | December 15, 1343 | Son of Timurtash son of Chupan | Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan. | |
Yagi Basti | Amir | ?-1344 | 1343 | 1344 | Son of Chupan | Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf. | |
Surgan | Amir | c. 1320-? | 1343 | 1345 | Son of Chupan and Sati Beg | Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf. | |
Malek Ashraf | Amir | ?-1357 | 1343 | 1357 | Brother of Hassan Kuchak | Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde. | |
Temürtas | Amir | ?-1360 | 1360 | 1360 | Son of Malek Ashraf | Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde. |
Jalayirids (1335–1432)
Throne name | Original name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jalayirids (1335–1432) | ||||||||
Taj-ud-Din | Hasan Buzurg | Ulus Beg | ?-1356 | 1336 | 1356 | Son-in-law of Chupan | Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür. | |
Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din | Shaikh Uvais | Bahadur Khan | c. 1337-1374 | 1356 | 1374 | Son of Hasan Buzurg | ||
Hasan | Shaikh | ?-1374 | 1374 | 1374 | Son of Shaikh Uvais | Killed by the Amirs | ||
Jalal-ud-Din | Husain I (1374–1382) | Shaikh | ?-1382 | 1374 | 1382 | Son of Shaikh Uvais | Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed | |
Bayazid | Shaikh | ?-? | 1382 | 1384 | Son of Shaikh Uvais | In opposition to Husain and Ahmed | ||
Ghiyath ud-Din | Ahmad | Sultan | ?-1410 | 1383 | 1410 | Son of Shaikh Uvais | In exile 1393-4, 1400-2, 1403-5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf | |
Ala ud-Dunya | Shah Walad | Sultan | ?-1411 | 1410 | 1411 | Son of Ali, son of Uvais | ||
Mahmud | Sultan | ?-1425 | 1411 | 1411 | Son of Shah Walad | Under regency of Tandu Khatun | ||
Uvais | Sultan | ?-1421 | 1415 | 1421 | Son of Shah Walad | |||
Muhammad | Sultan | ?-1421 | 1421 | 1421 | Son of Shah Walad | |||
Mahmud | Sultan | ?-1425 | 1421 | 1425 | Son of Shah Walad | Second reign | ||
Hussain | ?-1432 | 1425 | 1432 | Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed | Defeated by Kara Koyunlu | |||
Injuids (1335–1357)
name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Injuids (1335–1357) | |||||||
Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah | ?-1325 | 1304 | 1335 | Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un. | |||
Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau | Amir | ?-1338/9 | 1335 | 1338/9 | Son of Mahmud Shah | ||
Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah | Amir | ?-1342 | 1338 | 1342 | Son of Mahmud Shah | In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids. | |
Shams ad-Din Muhammad | Amir | ?-1339/40 | 1339/40 | 1339/40 | Son of Mahmud Shah | In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter. | |
Shaikh Abu Ishaq | Amir | ?-? | 1343 | 1357 | Son of Mahmud Shah | Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids | |
Muzaffarids (1314–1393)
name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muzaffarids (1335–1357) | |||||||
Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar | Emir | 1301-1368 | 1314 | 1358 | Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty | ||
Shah Shuja | Emir | ?-1384 | 1358 | 1384 | |||
Zain al-Abidin | Emir | ?-1387 | 1384 | 1387 | |||
Shah Yahya | Emir | ?-1391 | 1387 | 1391 | Only ruled in Shiraz | ||
Shah Mansur | Emir | ?-1393 | 1391 | 1393 | |||
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kara Koyunlu (1375-1468) | |||||||||
Qara Muhammad | Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja | Bey | ?–1388 | 1378 | 1388 | First Bey of Kara Koynulu | |||
Qara Yusuf | Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad | Bey | ?–1420 | 1388 | 1420 | Reign ended by Timurid invasion | |||
Qara Iskander | Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf | Bey | ?-1436 | 1420 | 1436 | killed | |||
Jahan Shah | Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf | Bey | 1397-11 November 1467 | 1438 | 11 November 1467 | Son of Qara Yusuf | Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu | ||
Hasan Ali | Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah | Bey | ?-1468 | 11 November 1467 | 1468 | Son of Jahan Shah | Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu | ||
Ak Koyunlu (1378–1497)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ak Koyunlu[17][18] (1378-1497) | |||||||||
Qara Osman | Qara Yuluk (Nickname) | Bey | ?–1435 | 1378 | 1435 | For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402 | |||
Ali | Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük | Bey | ?-1438 | 1435 | 1438 | Son of Qara Osman | |||
Hamza | Bey | ?–1444 | 1403 | 1435 | |||||
Jahangir | M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük | Bey | ?-1453 | 1444 | 1453 | Son of Qara Osman | |||
Uzun Hassan | Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir | Bey | ?-1478 | 1453 | January 6, 1478 | Son of Jahangir | |||
Khalil | Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan | Bey | ?-1479 | 1478 | 1479 | Son of Uzun Hasan | |||
Yaqub | Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan | Bey | ?-1490 | 1479 | 1490 | Son of Uzun Hasan | |||
Baysongur | Baysongur ibn Yaqub | Bey | ?-1491 | 1490 | 1491 | Son of Yaqub | |||
Rostam | Rostam inb Maqsud | Bey | ?-1496 | 1491 | 1497 | Son of Maqsud | |||
Ahmad Govde | Ahmad Govde inb Muhammad | Bey | ?-1497 | 1497 | 1497 | Son of Muhammad | |||
Timurid dynasty (1370–1507)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Reign began | Reign ended | Family Relations | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timurid Empire (1370–1449) | |||||||||
Timur | Tarmashirin Khan Barlas | Emir, Beg, Khan, Mirza, Gurkani | 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405 | 1370 | 18 February 1405 | Son of Muhammad Taraghai | |||
Pir Muhammad | Pir Muhammad Khan bin Jahangir | Emir, Khan | c. 1374 – 22 February 1407 | 18 February 1405 | 22 February 1407 | Grandson of Timur | |||
Khalil Sultan | Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah | Emir, Sultan, Shah | c. 1384 – 4 November 1411 | 18 February 1405 | 13 May 1409 | Grandson of Timur | |||
Shahrukh Mirza | Shahrukh Mirza | Mirza | 30 August 1377 – 12 March 1447 | 18 February 1405 | 12 March 1447 | Son of Timur | |||
Ulugh Beg | Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay | Mirza, Sultan | 22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449 | 12 March 1447 | 27 October 1449 | Son of Shahrukh Mirza | Deposed and murdered by his successor | ||
Rulers in Transoxiana (1449-1469): | |||||||||
Abdal-Latif | Padarkush | Mirza, Sultan | c. 1429 - 9 May 1450 | 27 October 1449 | 9 May 1450 | Son of Ulugh Beg | Murdered by Amirs | ||
'Abdullah | Mirza | c. 1410 - June 1451 | 9 May 1450 | June 1451 | Grandson of Shah Rukh | Deposed and executed by his successor | |||
Abu Sa'id | Mirza | 1424 - 1469 | June 1451 | 17 February 1469 | Nephew of Ulugh Beg and great-grandson of Timur | Conquered Khurasan in 1459, realm disintegrates at his death. | |||
Rulers in Khurasan (1449-1459, 1459-1507): | |||||||||
Abul-Qasim Babur | Mirza | ?-1457 | 1449 | 1457 | Grandson of Shah Rukh | ||||
Shah Mahmud | Mirza | c. 1446 - 1460s | 1457 | 1457 | Son of Babur | Expelled by successor | |||
Ibrahim | Mirza | ? - March 1459 | 1457 | March 1459 | Nephew of Babur | Died at Battle of Sarakhs | |||
Interregnum (1459-1469) | |||||||||
Husayn Bayqarah | Mirza, Sultan | June/July 1438 - 4 May 1506 | 24 March 1469 | 4 May 1506 | Great-grandson of Timur | ||||
Badi' al-Zaman | Mirza | ? - 1517 | 4 May 1506 | 1507 | Son of Husayn | Driven out by Uzbeks | |||
Uzbeks (1507-1510) | |||||||||
Shaybani Khan | Abul Fath Muhammad | Khan | c. 1451 - 2 December 1510 | 1507 | 2 December 1510 | Died at the Battle of Marv | |||
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) | ||||||||
Ismail I | Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan, Turk-Tajdar | 1487–1524 | 7 November 1502 | 23 May 1524 | son of Sultan Heidar | |||
Tahmasp I | Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin, Kagan-i Suleyman shan | 1514–1576 | 23 May 1525 | 25 May 1576 | son of Ismail I | |||
Ismail II | Shah | 1537–1577 | 25 May 1576 | 24 November 1577 | son of Tahmasp I | Poisoned (?) | ||
Mohammad I | Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan | 1532–1596 | 25 May 1576 | 1 October 1587 | son of Tahmasp I | Deposed | ||
Abbas I | Shahanshah, Sultan, Great | 1571–1629 | 1 October 1587 | 19 January 1629 | son of Mohammad I | |||
Safi | Sam Mirza | Shah, Mirza | 1611–1642 | 19 January 1629 | 12 May 1642 | son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I | ||
Abbas II | Shah | 1632–1666 | 12 May 1642 | 26 October 1666 | son of Safi | |||
Suleiman I | Safi Mirza | Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama | 1645–1694 | 26 October 1666 | 29 July 1694 | son of Abbas II | ||
Sultan Husayn | Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem | 1668–1726 | 29 July 1694 | 11 September 1722 | son of Suleiman I | Deposed & then killed by Ashraf Hotak | ||
Afghan Rebellion | ||||||||
Mahmud Hotak | Shah | 1697?–1725 | 23 October 1722 | 22 April 1725 | son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak | Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan | ||
Ashraf Hotak | Shah | ?–1730 | 22 April 1725 | 5 October 1729 | cousin of Mahmud Hotak | Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan | ||
Safavid restoration | ||||||||
Tahmasp II | Shah | 1704–1740 | 11 September 1722 | 16 April 1732 | son of Sultan Husayn | Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed & then killed by Nader | ||
Abbas III | Shah | 1730–1739 | 16 April 1732 | 22 January 1736 | son of Tahmasp II | Under control of Nader. Deposed & then killed by Nader |
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afsharid dynasty[19] (1736–1796) | ||||||||
Nader Shah | Nadhar Qoli Khan | Shah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf | 1698–1747 | 22 January 1736 | 19 June 1747 | son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar | Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed | |
Adil Shah | Ali Qoli Beig | Shah | 1719/20–1749 | 19 June 1747 | 29 July 1748 | son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader | Deposed, blinded & then killed by Ebrahim | |
Ebrahim Afshar | Mohammd Ali Beig | Shah | 1724–1749 | 29 July 1748 | 3 September 1748 | son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader | Deposed & then killed by Shahrukh Afshar | |
Shahrukh Afshar | Shah | 1734–1796 | 3 September 1748 | 1796 | son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi | Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750) | ||
Brief Safavid control[20] (1749-1750) | ||||||||
Suleiman II of Persia | Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi | Shah | ?-? | 1749 | 1750 | Pretender to the Safavid throne | Removed and blinded | |
Afsharid restoration[21] (1750-1796) | ||||||||
Shahrukh Afshar | Shah | 1734–1796 | 3 September 1748 | 1796 | son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi | Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750) | ||
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zand dynasty[22] (1751–1794) | ||||||||
Karim Khan | Mohammad Karim | Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa | 1705–1779 | 1751 | 6 March 1779 | son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha | ||
Mohammad Ali Khan | Khan | 1760–1779 | 6 March 1779 | 19 June 1779 | son of Karim | |||
Abol Fath Khan | Khan | 1755–1787 | 6 March 1779 | 22 August 1779 | son of Karim | |||
Zaki Khan | Khan | ?–22 August 1779 | 6 March 1779 | 22 August 1779 | son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha | |||
Sadiq Khan Zand | Mohammad Sadeq | Khan | ?–1782 | 22 August 1779 | 14 March 1781 | son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha | ||
Ali Murad Khan | Khan | 1720–1785 | 14 March 1781 | 11 February 1785 | son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh | |||
Jafar Khan | Khan | ?–1789 | 18 February 1785 | 23 January 1789 | son of Sadeq | |||
Sayed Murad Khan | Khan | ?–1789 | 23 January 1789 | 10 May 1789 | son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh | |||
Lotf Ali Khan | Khan | 1769–1794 | 23 January 1789 | 20 March 1794 | son of Ja'far | Deposed, blinded & then killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar | ||
Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qajar dynasty[23] (1794–1925) | ||||||||
Mohammad Khan Qajar | Agha Mohammad Khan | Khan, Shahanshah, Khaqan | 1742–1797 | 20 March 1794 | 17 June 1797 | son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar | Gelded prior to accession. Assassinated | |
Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar | Baba Khan | Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran | 1772–1834 | 17 June 1797 | 23 October 1834 | son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad | ||
Mohammad Shah Qajar | Shahanshah, Khaqan | 1808–1848 | 23 October 1834 | 5 September 1848 | son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fat'h Ali | |||
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar | Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran, Qebleye alam | 1831–1896 | 5 September 1848 | 1 May 1896 | son of Mohammad and Mahd-e Olia | Assassinated at Shah-Abdol-Azim by Mirza Reza Kermani | ||
Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar | Shahanshah, Khaqan | 1853–1907 | 1 May 1896 | 3 January 1907 | son of Naser ed-Din | |||
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar | Shahanshah | 1872–1925 | 3 January 1907 | 16 July 1909 | son of Mozaffar ed-Din | Deposed | ||
Ahmad Shah Qajar | Shahanshah | 1898–1930 | 16 July 1909 | 15 December 1925 | son of Mohammd Ali | Deposed | ||
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
Throne Name | Original Name | Portrait | Title | Birth–Death | Entered office | Left office | Family Relations | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) | ||||||||
Reza Shah | Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Sardar Sepah | 1878–1944 | 15 December 1925 | 16 September 1941 | son of Abbas Ali | Deposed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion | ||
Mohammad Reza Shah | Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Ariamehr, Bozorg Arteshtaran, Khodaygan | 1919–1980 | 16 September 1941 | 11 February 1979 | son of Reza Shah | Deposed during the Iranian Revolution | ||
See also
- Iranian monarchy
- Monarchism in Iran
- Supreme Leader of Iran
- History of Iran
- Persian Empire
- List of ancient Persians
- Shah
- Shahbanu
Notes and references
- ↑ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30-36.
- ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
- ↑ "Ahasuerus". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
- 1 2 Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BC" Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
- ↑ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BC"
- ↑ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
- ↑ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
- ↑ See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
- ↑ See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
- ↑ In Persian it means "King of Kings"
- ↑ "The great king of Armenians"
- ↑ "The penetrator of the shoulders"
- 1 2 "Queen"
- ↑ In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
- ↑ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
- ↑ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 960.
- ↑ http://www.san.beck.org/1-11-Ottoman1730-1875.html
- ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658-1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 961.
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 962.
Bibliography
- Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69–93.
- Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers, II a revised stemma", Parthica, 7, 2005, pp. 29–63.
- Assar, G.R.F., "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 61–86.
- Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87–158.
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