Sicherheitspolizei

SiPo

Sicherheitspolizei
The SiPo was an agency of the SS.
Sicherheitspolizei officers in Marseilles during WWII.
Agency overview
Formed	26 June 1936
Preceding agency	Gestapo Kriminalpolizei
Dissolved	22 September 1939
Superseding agency	Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
Type	State Security Police
Jurisdiction	Germany Occupied Europe
Headquarters	Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, Berlin 52°30′26″N 13°22′57″E / 52.50722°N 13.38250°E
Employees	4,500[1]
Ministers responsible	Wilhelm Frick (nominal authority) 1936–1939, Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler 1936–1939, Chef der Deutschen Polizei
Agency executive	SS-Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich 1936–1939, Director, SiPo and Gestapo

The Sicherheitspolizei (English: Security Police), often abbreviated as SiPo, was a term used in Germany for security police. In the Nazi era, it was used to describe the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kripo (criminal police) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was folded into the RSHA in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe.

Origins

The term originated in August 1919 when the Reichswehr Ministry set up the Sicherheitswehr as a militarised police force to take action during times of riots or strikes. However owing to limitations in army numbers, it was renamed the Sicherheitspolizei to avoid attention. They wore a green uniform, and were sometimes called the Green Police. However it was a military body, recruiting largely from the Freikorps, with NCOs and officers from the old German Imperial Army.^[2]

Nazi Era

When the Nazis came to power, Germany, as a federal state, had myriad local and centralised police agencies, which often were un-coordinated and had overlapping jurisdictions. Himmler and Heydrich's grand plan was to fully absorb all the police and security apparatus into the structure of the Schutzstaffel (SS). To this end, Himmler took command first of the Gestapo (itself developed from the Prussian Secret Police) and later of all the regular and criminal investigation police, assuming the title Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of the German Police). As such he was nominally subordinate to Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, but in practice Himmler answered to no-one but Hitler.^[3]

In 1936, the state security police were consolidated and placed under the central command of Reinhard Heydrich, already chief of the party Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and named Sicherheitspolizei.^[3] The idea was to fully identify the party agency (SD) with the state agency (SiPo). Most of the SiPo members were encouraged or volunteered to become members of the SS and many held a rank in both organisations. In practice, however, the SiPo and the SD frequently came into jurisdictional and operational conflict with each other, due in large part to the fact that the Gestapo and Kripo had many experienced, professional policemen and investigators, that considered the SD as an organisation of amateurs and often thought the SD a rather incompetent agency.

Furthermore in 1936, the state police agencies in Germany were statutorily divided into the Ordnungspolizei (regular or order police) and the Sicherheitspolizei (state security police). The two police branches were commonly known as the Orpo and SiPo (Kripo and Gestapo combined), respectively.^[3] The Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei was founded by Himmler, in order to create a centralized main office under Heydrich's overall command of the SiPo.^[4]

The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS before and during World War II. The Einsatzgruppen had its origins in the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938.^[5] Originally part of the SiPo, two units of Einsatzgruppen were stationed in the Sudetenland in October 1938. When military action turned out not to be necessary because of the Munich Agreement, the Einsatzgruppen were assigned to confiscate government papers and police documents. They also secured government buildings, questioned senior civil servants, and arrested as many as 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens.^[6][5]

Merger

In September 1939, with the founding of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), the Sicherheitspolizei as a functioning state agency ceased to exist as the department was merged into the RSHA.^[7] Further, the RSHA obtained overall command of the Einsatzgruppen units from that time forward. When the units were re-formed prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the men of the Einsatzgruppen were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo and Waffen-SS.^[8] Its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the Final Solution in the territories overrun by the Nazi war machine.^[9] The term SiPo was also used to describe security police force officials (but not the SD members of the RSHA).

Grades and pay 1938–1945

Officials of the Sicherheitspolizei belonged to Kripo and Gestapo which both had the same grade structure and pay grades as civil servants.

Pay Grade[10]	Annual Pay in Reichsmark | [10]	Grades in the junior executive service ( einfachen Vollzugsdienst der Sicherheitspolizei) [10]	Grades in the senior executive service (leitenden Vollzugsdienst der Sicherheitspolizei) [10]	Corresponding rank in SS (in Wehrmacht-Heer) [10] [11]
A8c2	2 160 - 2 340	Kriminalassistent		SS-Oberscharführer (Feldwebel)
A7c A8a	2 000-3 000	Kriminaloberassistent		SS-Hauptscharführer (Oberfeldwebel)
A7a	2 350-3 500	Kriminalsekretär		SS-Untersturmführer (Leutnant)
A5b	2 300-4 200	Kriminalobersekretär		SS-Untersturmführer (Leutnant)
A4c2	2 800-5000	Kriminalinspektor		SS-Obersturmführer (Oberleutnant)
A4c1	2 800-5 300		Kriminalkommissar < three years in grade	SS-Obersturmführer (Oberleutnant)
A4c1	2 800-5 300		Kriminalkommissar > three years in grade	SS-Hauptsturmführer (Hauptmann)
A3b	4 800-7 000		Kriminalrat < three years in grade	SS-Hauptsturmführer (Hauptmann)
A3b	4 800-7 000		Kriminalrat > three years in grade	SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)
A2d	4 800-7 800		Kriminaldirektor	SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)
A2c2	4 800-8 400		Regierungs-und Kriminalrat	SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)
A2b	7 000-9 700		Oberregierungs-und Kriminalrat	SS-Obersturmbannführer (Oberstleutnant)
A1b	6 200-10 600		Regierungs- und Kriminaldirektor	SS-Standartenführer (Oberst)
A1b	6 200-10 600		Reichskriminaldirektor	SS-Standartenführer (Oberst)

Mean annual pay for an industrial worker was 1,459 Reichsmark 1939, and for a privately employed white-collar worker 2,772 Reichsmark. ^[12]

Cold War

Following the end of the Second World War, the phrase Sicherheitspolizei appeared in East Germany as a title for some components of the East German secret police forces.

See also

• Glossary of Nazi Germany

References

Citations

1. Robert Gellately. "The Gestapo and German Society". Retrieved 2009-06-02.
2. Edmonds, James (1987). The Occupation of the Rhineland. London: HMSO. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-11-290454-0.
3. Williams 2001, p. 77.
4. Weale 2010, pp. 134, 135.
5. Streim 1989, p. 436.
6. Longerich 2012, pp. 405, 412.
7. Weale 2012, pp. 140, 141.
8. Longerich 2010, p. 185.
9. McNab 2009, pp. 113, 123, 124.
10. Siegfried Beer, "Die Gestapostelle Linz, 1938–1945. Eine dokumentarische Rekonstruktion auf Basis der Recherchen des amerikanischen Militärgeheimdienstes CIC/MIS aus dem Jahre 1946." Klaus Luger/Johann Mayr (red.), Stadtgesellschaft. Werte und Positionen. Bürgermeister Franz Dobusch zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (Linz 2011): 315–356.
11. Andrew Mollo, Uniforms of the SS, vol. 5: "Sicherheitsdienst und Sicherheitspolizei 1931-1945" (London 1971).
12. Die Besoldung eines Soldaten der Wehrmacht Retrieved 2013-11-26

Bibliography

• Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
• Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
• McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-49-5.
• Streim, Alfred (1989). "The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen, pages 436–454". In Marrus, Michael. The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 2. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. ISBN 0-88736-266-4.
• Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703045.
• Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.
• Williams, Max (2001). Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1—Road To War. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9537577-5-6.