Sierra-class submarine

Class overview
Builders:	Gorky, later towed to Severodvinsk for completion
Operators:	Soviet Navy  Russian Navy
Preceded by:	Alfa class submarine
Succeeded by:	Akula-class submarine
Completed:	4
Active:	3+1 in overhaul
General characteristics
Displacement:	Sierra I: 7,200 tons (surfaced) 8,300 tons (submerged) Sierra II: 7,600 tons (surfaced) 9,100 tons (submerged)
Length:	Sierra I: 107.16 m (351.6 ft) Sierra II: 110 m (360 ft)
Beam:	Sierra I: 12.28 m (40.3 ft) Sierra II: 14.2 m (47 ft)
Propulsion:	Sierra I & II: 1 × PWR, 190 MW 2 × 1,002 hp emergency motors 1 shaft, 2 spinners
Speed:	Sierra I & II: 10 knots (18.5 km/h) (surfaced) Sierra I: 34 knots (63.0 km/h) (submerged) Sierra II: 32 knots (59.3 km/h) (submerged)
Range:	Effectively unlimited, except by food supplies
Complement:	Sierra I & II: 61
Armament:	Sierra I & II: 4 × 650 mm (26 in) torpedo tubes 4 × 530 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes SS-N-21 Sampson SLCM SS-N-15 Starfish anti submarine weapon: 200 kt depth charge or 90 kg HE Type 40 torpedo SS-N-16 Stallion, 200 kt depth charge or 90 kg HE Type 40 torpedo Minelaying configuration: 42 mines instead of torpedoes

The Sierra I class (NATO reporting name) or (Soviet design serial number) Project 945 (Барракуда/Barrakuda) nuclear submarine was the Soviet Union's successor class to the partly successful Project 705 Lira (Alfa) class submarine. The Sierra class has a light and strong titanium pressure hull which enables the class to dive to greater depths, reduce the level of radiated noise and increase resistance to torpedo attacks. It is powered by a single OK-650 pressurized water reactor. Sierra I and its successor Sierra II classes submarines are designed by Lazurit Central Design Bureau.

The Sierra II class (NATO reporting name) or Project 945A (Кондор/Kondor) nuclear submarine was a successor to the Sierra I with improved quieting and sonar.^[1] The Sierra II was specifically developed for search and destroy missions against US nuclear submarines. It has a smaller turning circle than any other modern submarine, with speeds and diving depth greater than its American counterparts.

Sierra I

Project 945

The first hull, Karp, was laid down in May 1982 at the Gorky shipyard and was launched in August 1983 before being transferred to Severodvinsk for fitting out. It was laid up in 1987. The next hull to be built was the Kostroma, which was launched in July 1986 and was commissioned in September 1987. K-276 Kostroma was put into a drydock after its February 11, 1992 collision with USS Baton Rouge (SSN-689) in the Barents Sea, off Kildin Island.^[2][3] The submarine was repaired on 3 June 1992 and was renamed Krab on 6 April 1993, but in 1996 its original name, Kostroma was returned and it is in active service with the Russian Northern fleet.^[4][5] The Sierra I class was also fitted with a releasable escape pod for the crew.^[6] The pod is covered by a V shaped casing on the port side of the sail.

On March 5, 2013 the Russian news agency Izvestiya reported that the Russian Navy has decided to return Hull 1 Karp and Hull 2 Kostroma to service. The necessary upgrade work is expected to take 3 years and will be carried out at Severodvinsk.^[7][8] In March 2015 it was reported that the final decision on the modernization of submarines Carp and Kostroma has yet to be made due to cost issues.^[9][10][11]

Submarines in class: Plan to upgrade the two ships on the CA "Zvezdochka" on the project 945M^[12]

• B-239 Carp - commissioned 1987, laid up 1997, being reactivated by 2017
• B-276 Kostroma - commissioned Sep 1987, active

Sierra II

Project 945A

The Sierra II (Project 945.A - Кондор/Kondor) class has a considerably larger sail which is 5 m (16.4 ft) longer than the Sierra I type. The sail also has a curious flat, square leading edge. The masts are offset on the starboard side to make way for two escape pods in the sail. The starboard side also has a 10-point environment sensor fitted at right angles to the front end of the sail. Also, the Sierra II type has a much larger pod on its after fin. The pod houses the Skat 3 passive very low frequency towed array.

In October 2012 a Sierra II class submarine deployed to the North Atlantic and carried out a patrol off the US East coast.^[13]

Submarines in class: Plan to upgrade the two ships on the CA "Zvezdochka" on the project 945M^[12]

• B-534 Nizhniy Novgorod - commissioned Dec 1990, active (overhaul completed in 2008)^[14][15]
• B-336 Pskov - commissioned 1993, active (overhaul completed in December 2015)^[16]

Sierra III (provisional)

Project 945AB

The sole possible Sierra III/Project 945AB (Mars), was laid down in March 1990 but was scrapped in November 1993 before completion.^[17]

References

1. Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines. Washington, DC: Brassey's. p. 283. ISBN 9781574885941. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
2. "Submarine safety" (PDF). system-safety.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2006.
3. "Уникальные подводные лодки проекта 945 "Барракуда" с титановым корпусом возвращаются в строй - Центр военно-политических исследований". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
4. "945 Sierra class". warfare.be. Archived from the original on 19 Feb 2013.
5. "В состав Северного флота вернули титановый подводный истребитель". civilia.info. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016.
6. "12 real escape pods". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
7. Nilsen, Thomas (2013-03-05). "Brushes dust off 25-year old sub". Barentsobserver. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
8. "Russia to Resurrect Titanium Submarines | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
9. сборник, БАСТИОН: военно-технический. "МНОГОЦЕЛЕВАЯ АТОМНАЯ ПОДВОДНАЯ ЛОДКА ПРОЕКТА 945 «БАРРАКУДА» ATTACK SUBMARINE OF THE PROJECT 945 «BARRACUDA»".
10. "В России приостановили модернизацию титановых субмарин-истребителей". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
11. "«Карп» второй свежести". 3 March 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
12. "ВМФ России вернет в строй подводные лодки с титановыми корпусами". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
13. "Report: Russian Nuclear Attack Submarine Detected Near US". Newsmax.com. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
14. "Нижний Новгород (подводная лодка) это:". Dic.academic.ru. 2003-07-29. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
15. "B-534 Nizhny Novgorod". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
16. Sputnik. "Russian Nuclear Sub Pskov Returns to Northern Fleet After Reparation". Retrieved 28 August 2016.
17. Apalʹkov, Ju. V. (2003). Korabli VMF SSSR : spravočnik v četyrech tomach. Sankt-Peterburg: Galeja Print. ISBN 5-8172-0076-7.

Further reading

• Hutchinson, Robert (2005). Jane's submarines : war beneath the waves from 1776 to the present day (1st U.S. ed. ed.). New York: Collins. ISBN 978-0060819002.
• Project 945 Sierra class Attack Submarine (Nuclear Powered)
• Article from bsu.by (Belarusian)